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Primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from the exhaust of a flex-fuel (ethanol) vehicle.

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Title: Primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from the exhaust of a flex-fuel (ethanol) vehicle.
Authors: Suarez-Bertoa, R.1 ricardo.suarez-bertoa@jrc.ec.europa.eu, Zardini, A.A.1, Platt, S.M.2, Hellebust, S.3, Pieber, S.M.2, El Haddad, I.2, Temime-Roussel, B.3, Baltensperger, U.2, Marchand, N.3, Prévôt, A.S.H.2, Astorga, C.1 covadonga.astorga-llorens@jrc.ec.europa.eu
Source: Atmospheric Environment. Sep2015, Vol. 117, p200-211. 12p.
Subject Terms: *Emissions (Air pollution), *Organic compounds & the environment, *Atmospheric aerosols, *Air quality, *Aromatic compounds, *Acetaldehyde
Abstract: Incentives to use biofuels may result in increasing vehicular emissions of compounds detrimental to air quality. Therefore, regulated and unregulated emissions from a Euro 5a flex-fuel vehicle, tested using E85 and E75 blends (gasoline containing 85% and 75% of ethanol (vol/vol), respectively), were investigated at 22 and −7 °C over the New European Driving Cycle, at the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. Vehicle exhaust was comprehensively analyzed at the tailpipe and in a dilution tunnel. A fraction of the exhaust was injected into a mobile smog chamber to study the photochemical aging of the mixture. We found that emissions from a flex-fuel vehicle, fueled by E85 and E75, led to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, despite the low aromatic content of these fuel blends. Emissions of regulated and unregulated compounds, as well as emissions of black carbon (BC) and primary organic aerosol (POA) and SOA formation were higher at −7 °C. The flex-fuel unregulated emissions, mainly composed of ethanol and acetaldehyde, resulted in very high ozone formation potential and SOA, especially at low temperature (860 mg O 3 km −1 and up to 38 mg C kg −1 ). After an OH exposure of 10 × 10 6 cm −3 h, SOA mass was, on average, 3 times larger than total primary particle mass emissions (BC + POA) with a high O:C ratio (up to 0.7 and 0.5 at 22 and −7 °C, respectively) typical of highly oxidized mixtures. Furthermore, high resolution organic mass spectra showed high 44/43 ratios (ratio of the ions m / z 44 and m / z 43) characteristic of low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol. We also hypothesize that SOA formation from vehicular emissions could be due to oxidation products of ethanol and acetaldehyde, both short-chain oxygenated VOCs, e.g. methylglyoxal and acetic acid, and not only from aromatic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from the exhaust of a flex-fuel (ethanol) vehicle.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Suarez-Bertoa%2C+R%2E%22">Suarez-Bertoa, R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> ricardo.suarez-bertoa@jrc.ec.europa.eu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zardini%2C+A%2EA%2E%22">Zardini, A.A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Platt%2C+S%2EM%2E%22">Platt, S.M.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hellebust%2C+S%2E%22">Hellebust, S.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pieber%2C+S%2EM%2E%22">Pieber, S.M.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22El+Haddad%2C+I%2E%22">El Haddad, I.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Temime-Roussel%2C+B%2E%22">Temime-Roussel, B.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baltensperger%2C+U%2E%22">Baltensperger, U.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marchand%2C+N%2E%22">Marchand, N.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Prévôt%2C+A%2ES%2EH%2E%22">Prévôt, A.S.H.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Astorga%2C+C%2E%22">Astorga, C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> covadonga.astorga-llorens@jrc.ec.europa.eu</i>
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  Data: Incentives to use biofuels may result in increasing vehicular emissions of compounds detrimental to air quality. Therefore, regulated and unregulated emissions from a Euro 5a flex-fuel vehicle, tested using E85 and E75 blends (gasoline containing 85% and 75% of ethanol (vol/vol), respectively), were investigated at 22 and −7 °C over the New European Driving Cycle, at the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. Vehicle exhaust was comprehensively analyzed at the tailpipe and in a dilution tunnel. A fraction of the exhaust was injected into a mobile smog chamber to study the photochemical aging of the mixture. We found that emissions from a flex-fuel vehicle, fueled by E85 and E75, led to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, despite the low aromatic content of these fuel blends. Emissions of regulated and unregulated compounds, as well as emissions of black carbon (BC) and primary organic aerosol (POA) and SOA formation were higher at −7 °C. The flex-fuel unregulated emissions, mainly composed of ethanol and acetaldehyde, resulted in very high ozone formation potential and SOA, especially at low temperature (860 mg O 3 km −1 and up to 38 mg C kg −1 ). After an OH exposure of 10 × 10 6 cm −3 h, SOA mass was, on average, 3 times larger than total primary particle mass emissions (BC + POA) with a high O:C ratio (up to 0.7 and 0.5 at 22 and −7 °C, respectively) typical of highly oxidized mixtures. Furthermore, high resolution organic mass spectra showed high 44/43 ratios (ratio of the ions m / z 44 and m / z 43) characteristic of low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol. We also hypothesize that SOA formation from vehicular emissions could be due to oxidation products of ethanol and acetaldehyde, both short-chain oxygenated VOCs, e.g. methylglyoxal and acetic acid, and not only from aromatic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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