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Ingested Nitrate and Breast Cancer in the Spanish Multicase-Control Study on Cancer (MCC-Spain).

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Title: Ingested Nitrate and Breast Cancer in the Spanish Multicase-Control Study on Cancer (MCC-Spain).
Authors: Espejo-Herrera, Nadia1,2,3, Gracia-Lavedan, Esther1,2,3, Pollan, Marina3,4,5, Aragonés, Nuria3,4,5, Boldo, Elena3,4,5, Perez-Gomez, Beatriz3,4,5, Altzibar, Jone M.3,6, Amiano, Pilar3,6, Zabala, Ana Jiménez6, Ardanaz, Eva3,7,8, Guevara, Marcela3,7,8, Molina, Antonio J.9, Barrio, Juan Pablo9, Gómez-Acebo, Ines3,10, Tardón, Adonina3,11, Peiró, Rosana3,12, Chirlaque, Maria Dolores3,13,14, Palau, Margarita15, Muñoz, Montse16, Font-Ribera, Laia1,2,3,17
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. Jul2016, Vol. 124 Issue 7, p1042-1049. 8p. 4 Charts, 1 Graph.
Subject Terms: *Nitrates, *Water supply, Breast tumor risk factors, Chi-squared test, Confidence intervals, Ingestion, Interviewing, Meat, Medical cooperation, Probability theory, Questionnaires, Research, Research funding, T-test (Statistics), Perimenopause, Logistic regression analysis, Case-control method, Postmenopause, Data analysis software, Descriptive statistics, Odds ratio, Mann Whitney U Test
Geographic Terms: Spain
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ingested nitrate leads to endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds that are breast carcinogens in animals, but human evidence is limited. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated ingested nitrate as a risk factor for breast cancer (BC) in a multicase-control study. METHODS: Hospital-based incident BC cases and population-based controls were recruited in eight Spanish regions in 2008-2013; participants provided residential and water consumption from 18 years of age and information on known BC risk factors. Long-term nitrate levels (1940-2010) were estimated and linked with residential histories and water consumption to calculate waterborne ingested nitrate (milligrams/day). Dietary ingested nitrate (milligrams/day) was calculated using food frequency questionnaires and published dietary nitrate contents. Interactions with endogenous nitrosation factors and other variables were evaluated. A total of 1,245 cases and 1,520 controls were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the study regions, average ± SD waterborne ingested nitrate ranged from 2.9 ± 1.9 to 13.5 ± 7.5 mg/day, and dietary ingested nitrate ranged from 88.5 ± 48.7 to 154 ± 87.8 mg/day. Waterborne ingested nitrate was not associated with BC overall, but among postmenopausal women, those with both high nitrate (> 6 vs. < 2.6 mg/day) and high red meat intake (≥ 20 vs. < 20 g/day) were more likely to be cases than women with low nitrate and low red meat intake (adjusted odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.49; overall interaction p-value = 0.17). No association was found with dietary nitrate. CONCLUSIONS: Waterborne ingested nitrate was associated with BC only among postmenopausal women with high red meat consumption. Dietary nitrate was not associated with BC regardless of the animal or vegetable source or of menopausal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: BACKGROUND: Ingested nitrate leads to endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds that are breast carcinogens in animals, but human evidence is limited. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated ingested nitrate as a risk factor for breast cancer (BC) in a multicase-control study. METHODS: Hospital-based incident BC cases and population-based controls were recruited in eight Spanish regions in 2008-2013; participants provided residential and water consumption from 18 years of age and information on known BC risk factors. Long-term nitrate levels (1940-2010) were estimated and linked with residential histories and water consumption to calculate waterborne ingested nitrate (milligrams/day). Dietary ingested nitrate (milligrams/day) was calculated using food frequency questionnaires and published dietary nitrate contents. Interactions with endogenous nitrosation factors and other variables were evaluated. A total of 1,245 cases and 1,520 controls were included in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the study regions, average &#177; SD waterborne ingested nitrate ranged from 2.9 &#177; 1.9 to 13.5 &#177; 7.5 mg/day, and dietary ingested nitrate ranged from 88.5 &#177; 48.7 to 154 &#177; 87.8 mg/day. Waterborne ingested nitrate was not associated with BC overall, but among postmenopausal women, those with both high nitrate (&gt; 6 vs. &lt; 2.6 mg/day) and high red meat intake (≥ 20 vs. &lt; 20 g/day) were more likely to be cases than women with low nitrate and low red meat intake (adjusted odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.49; overall interaction p-value = 0.17). No association was found with dietary nitrate. CONCLUSIONS: Waterborne ingested nitrate was associated with BC only among postmenopausal women with high red meat consumption. Dietary nitrate was not associated with BC regardless of the animal or vegetable source or of menopausal status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1289/ehp.1510334
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 1042
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Nitrates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water supply
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Breast tumor risk factors
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      – SubjectFull: Chi-squared test
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      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
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      – SubjectFull: Ingestion
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      – SubjectFull: Interviewing
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      – SubjectFull: Meat
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      – SubjectFull: Spain
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      – TitleFull: Ingested Nitrate and Breast Cancer in the Spanish Multicase-Control Study on Cancer (MCC-Spain).
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