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Rates of Wintertime Atmospheric SO2 Oxidation based on Aircraft Observations during Clear‐Sky Conditions over the Eastern United States.

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Title: Rates of Wintertime Atmospheric SO2 Oxidation based on Aircraft Observations during Clear‐Sky Conditions over the Eastern United States.
Authors: Green, Jaime R.1, Bililign, Solomon2, Fiddler, Marc N.3, Holloway, John S.3, Brown, Steven S.3, Fibiger, Dorothy L.3, McDuffie, Erin E.3, Campuzano‐Jost, Pedro3, Schroder, Jason C.3, Jimenez, Jose L.3, Weinheimer, Andrew J.3, Aquino, Janine3, Montzka, D. D.3, Hall, Samuel R.3, Ullmann, Kirk3, Shah, Viral3, Jaeglé, Lyatt3, Thornton, Joel A.3
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres. Jun2019, Vol. 124 Issue 12, p6630-6649. 20p.
Subject Terms: *Atmospheric sulfur dioxide, *Oxidation, *Power plants, Winter
Geographic Terms: United States
Abstract: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is emitted in large quantities from coal‐burning power plants and leads to various harmful health and environmental effects. In this study, we use plume intercepts from the Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emission and Reactivity (WINTER) campaign to estimate the oxidation rates of SO2 under wintertime conditions and the factors that determine SO2 removal. Observations suggest that OH governs the rate SO2 oxidation in the eastern United States during winter. The range of mean oxidation rates during the day from power plants were 0.22–0.71%/hr, producing SO2 lifetimes of 13–43 days, if SO2 consumption is assumed to occur during 10.5 hr of daylight in cloudless conditions. Though most nighttime rate measurements were zero within uncertainty, there is some evidence of nighttime removal, which suggests alternate oxidation mechanisms. The fastest nighttime observed SO2 oxidation rate was 0.25±0.07%/hr, producing a combined day/night SO2 lifetime of 8.5–21 days. The upper limit of the oxidation rate (the mean+1σ of the fastest day and night observations) is 16.5%/day, corresponding to a lifetime of 6.1 days. The analysis also quantifies the primary emission of sulfate from power plants. The median mole percentage of SO4‐2 from observed plumes was 1.7% and the mean percentage sulfate was 2.8% for intercepts within 1 hr of transit to power plants. The largest value observed from close intercepts was over 7% sulfate, and the largest extrapolated value was 18%, based on intercepts further from their source and fastest observed oxidation rate. Key Points: The daytime conversion rate of SO2 to SO4‐2 was 0.22‐0.71%/hr in winter under clear‐sky conditions, with lifetimes of 140‐450 hrFor 10.5 hr of daylight, the upper limit of the oxidation rate is 16.5%/day, corresponding to a lifetime of 6.1 daysDirect emissions of SO4‐2 relative to total sulfur (SO2 + SO4‐2) had mean and median values of 1.7% and 2.8%, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Rates of Wintertime Atmospheric SO<subscript>2</subscript> Oxidation based on Aircraft Observations during Clear‐Sky Conditions over the Eastern United States.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Green%2C+Jaime+R%2E%22">Green, Jaime R.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bililign%2C+Solomon%22">Bililign, Solomon</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fiddler%2C+Marc+N%2E%22">Fiddler, Marc N.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holloway%2C+John+S%2E%22">Holloway, John S.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Brown%2C+Steven+S%2E%22">Brown, Steven S.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fibiger%2C+Dorothy+L%2E%22">Fibiger, Dorothy L.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McDuffie%2C+Erin+E%2E%22">McDuffie, Erin E.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Campuzano‐Jost%2C+Pedro%22">Campuzano‐Jost, Pedro</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schroder%2C+Jason+C%2E%22">Schroder, Jason C.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jimenez%2C+Jose+L%2E%22">Jimenez, Jose L.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Weinheimer%2C+Andrew+J%2E%22">Weinheimer, Andrew J.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aquino%2C+Janine%22">Aquino, Janine</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Montzka%2C+D%2E+D%2E%22">Montzka, D. D.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hall%2C+Samuel+R%2E%22">Hall, Samuel R.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ullmann%2C+Kirk%22">Ullmann, Kirk</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shah%2C+Viral%22">Shah, Viral</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jaeglé%2C+Lyatt%22">Jaeglé, Lyatt</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thornton%2C+Joel+A%2E%22">Thornton, Joel A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2E+Atmospheres%22">Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres</searchLink>. Jun2019, Vol. 124 Issue 12, p6630-6649. 20p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+sulfur+dioxide%22">Atmospheric sulfur dioxide</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oxidation%22">Oxidation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Power+plants%22">Power plants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Winter%22">Winter</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22United+States%22">United States</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is emitted in large quantities from coal‐burning power plants and leads to various harmful health and environmental effects. In this study, we use plume intercepts from the Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emission and Reactivity (WINTER) campaign to estimate the oxidation rates of SO2 under wintertime conditions and the factors that determine SO2 removal. Observations suggest that OH governs the rate SO2 oxidation in the eastern United States during winter. The range of mean oxidation rates during the day from power plants were 0.22–0.71%/hr, producing SO2 lifetimes of 13–43 days, if SO2 consumption is assumed to occur during 10.5 hr of daylight in cloudless conditions. Though most nighttime rate measurements were zero within uncertainty, there is some evidence of nighttime removal, which suggests alternate oxidation mechanisms. The fastest nighttime observed SO2 oxidation rate was 0.25±0.07%/hr, producing a combined day/night SO2 lifetime of 8.5–21 days. The upper limit of the oxidation rate (the mean+1σ of the fastest day and night observations) is 16.5%/day, corresponding to a lifetime of 6.1 days. The analysis also quantifies the primary emission of sulfate from power plants. The median mole percentage of SO4‐2 from observed plumes was 1.7% and the mean percentage sulfate was 2.8% for intercepts within 1 hr of transit to power plants. The largest value observed from close intercepts was over 7% sulfate, and the largest extrapolated value was 18%, based on intercepts further from their source and fastest observed oxidation rate. Key Points: The daytime conversion rate of SO2 to SO4‐2 was 0.22‐0.71%/hr in winter under clear‐sky conditions, with lifetimes of 140‐450 hrFor 10.5 hr of daylight, the upper limit of the oxidation rate is 16.5%/day, corresponding to a lifetime of 6.1 daysDirect emissions of SO4‐2 relative to total sulfur (SO2 + SO4‐2) had mean and median values of 1.7% and 2.8%, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1029/2018JD030086
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 20
        StartPage: 6630
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric sulfur dioxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxidation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Power plants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Winter
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: United States
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Rates of Wintertime Atmospheric SO2 Oxidation based on Aircraft Observations during Clear‐Sky Conditions over the Eastern United States.
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              Text: Jun2019
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