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Balloons in the Earth's Auroral Science—BALBOA's Modern Exploration.

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Title: Balloons in the Earth's Auroral Science—BALBOA's Modern Exploration.
Authors: Zhou, X.‐Y.1 xyzhou@igpp.ucla.edu, Rafol, S. B.2, Michell, R. G.3, Hampton, D.4, Geach, C.5, Berk, A.6, Lummerzheim, D.4, He, Y.‐T.2
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics. Oct2020, Vol. 125 Issue 10, p1-12. 12p.
Subject Terms: *Geophysics, Moon light, Atmospheric magnetism, Gravity waves, Magnetosphere
Abstract: Since 1892, when an aurora was first imaged by Martin Brendel, a German physicist, auroral forms and their dynamics have been acquired only when the aurora is in darkness. Due to the sunlight contamination from Rayleigh scattering, it has been a long‐term challenge of imaging sunlit aurora. In addition, other constraints exist, such as moonlight contamination, cloud occultation, and the limited land area available for installing imagers near the auroral zone in both hemispheres. While auroral imaging from space provides auroral global dynamics or small‐scale structures, depending on the spacecraft orbit, the image quality is affected by low spatial and temporal resolutions, sunlight, and the lack of traceability of auroral variations. Consequently, we have little knowledge of sunlit auroral forms and their dynamics, as well as their coupling to conjugate aurora. Given the fact that the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is initiated on the dayside, understanding sunlit and dayside aurorae becomes very interesting and important. A scenario of imaging sunlit aurora from a balloon and the conceptual design of the instrument have been depicted in our previous article (Zhou et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028611). This paper elaborates the new science enabled by this new means and the feasibility of auroral ballooning by showing some sunlit auroral images obtained from a balloon flight and calculations of the corresponding sky brightness. In addition, we describe and explain the most important specs of the new NIR camera‐head being developed for the BALBOA balloon mission that is currently supported by the NASA/Low Cost Access to Space program. Key Points: The dayside and sunlit aurorae are important for understanding the dayside and transient solar wind and magnetosphere couplingObserving auroral forms and dynamics in the sunlight from the balloon altitude is indisputably feasibleA balloon payload for auroral imaging is under development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Balloons in the Earth's Auroral Science—BALBOA's Modern Exploration.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+X%2E‐Y%2E%22">Zhou, X.‐Y.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> xyzhou@igpp.ucla.edu</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rafol%2C+S%2E+B%2E%22">Rafol, S. B.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Michell%2C+R%2E+G%2E%22">Michell, R. G.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hampton%2C+D%2E%22">Hampton, D.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Geach%2C+C%2E%22">Geach, C.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Berk%2C+A%2E%22">Berk, A.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lummerzheim%2C+D%2E%22">Lummerzheim, D.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22He%2C+Y%2E‐T%2E%22">He, Y.‐T.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2E+Space+Physics%22">Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics</searchLink>. Oct2020, Vol. 125 Issue 10, p1-12. 12p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geophysics%22">Geophysics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Moon+light%22">Moon light</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+magnetism%22">Atmospheric magnetism</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gravity+waves%22">Gravity waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetosphere%22">Magnetosphere</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Since 1892, when an aurora was first imaged by Martin Brendel, a German physicist, auroral forms and their dynamics have been acquired only when the aurora is in darkness. Due to the sunlight contamination from Rayleigh scattering, it has been a long‐term challenge of imaging sunlit aurora. In addition, other constraints exist, such as moonlight contamination, cloud occultation, and the limited land area available for installing imagers near the auroral zone in both hemispheres. While auroral imaging from space provides auroral global dynamics or small‐scale structures, depending on the spacecraft orbit, the image quality is affected by low spatial and temporal resolutions, sunlight, and the lack of traceability of auroral variations. Consequently, we have little knowledge of sunlit auroral forms and their dynamics, as well as their coupling to conjugate aurora. Given the fact that the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is initiated on the dayside, understanding sunlit and dayside aurorae becomes very interesting and important. A scenario of imaging sunlit aurora from a balloon and the conceptual design of the instrument have been depicted in our previous article (Zhou et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028611). This paper elaborates the new science enabled by this new means and the feasibility of auroral ballooning by showing some sunlit auroral images obtained from a balloon flight and calculations of the corresponding sky brightness. In addition, we describe and explain the most important specs of the new NIR camera‐head being developed for the BALBOA balloon mission that is currently supported by the NASA/Low Cost Access to Space program. Key Points: The dayside and sunlit aurorae are important for understanding the dayside and transient solar wind and magnetosphere couplingObserving auroral forms and dynamics in the sunlight from the balloon altitude is indisputably feasibleA balloon payload for auroral imaging is under development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Moon light
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      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric magnetism
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      – SubjectFull: Gravity waves
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      – SubjectFull: Magnetosphere
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      – TitleFull: Balloons in the Earth's Auroral Science—BALBOA's Modern Exploration.
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              Text: Oct2020
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