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Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia Incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study.

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Title: Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia Incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study.
Authors: Shaffer, Rachel M.1, Blanco, Magali N.1, Ge Li2,3,4, Adar, Sara D.5, Carone, Marco6, Szpiro, Adam A.6, Kaufman, Joel D.1,7, Larson, Timothy V.1,8, Larson, Eric B.9,10, Crane, Paul K.9, Sheppard, Lianne1,6 sheppard@uw.edu
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. Aug2021, Vol. 129 Issue 8, p1-087001-11. 11p. 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 1 Graph, 1 Map.
Subject Terms: *Particulate matter, *Air pollution, *Environmental exposure, Dementia risk factors, Disease risk factors, Neurodegeneration, Confidence intervals, Time, Multiple regression analysis, Disease incidence, Dementia, Apolipoproteins, Genotypes, Descriptive statistics, Proportional hazards models
Geographic Terms: Washington (State), Germany
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Air pollution may be associated with elevated dementia risk. Prior research has limitations that may affect reliability, and no studies have evaluated this question in a population-based cohort of men and women in the United States. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the association between time-varying, 10-y average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and hazard of all-cause dementia. An additional goal was to understand how to adequately control for age and calendar-time-related confounding through choice of the time axis and covariate adjustment. METHODS: Using the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) population-based prospective cohort study in Seattle, we linked spatiotemporal model-based PM2.5 exposures to participant addresses from 1978 to 2018. Dementia diagnoses were made using high-quality, standardized, consensus-based protocols at biennial follow-ups. We conducted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate the association between time-varying, 10-y average PM2.5 exposure and time to event in a model with age as the time axis, stratified by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, and adjusted for sex, education, race, neighborhood median household income, and calendar time. Alternative models used calendar time as the time axis. RESULTS: We report 1,136 cases of incident dementia among 4,166 individuals with nonmissing APOE status. Mean [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 10-y average PM2.5 was 10.1(±2.9)µg/m³. Each 1-µg/m³ increase in the moving average of 10-y PM2.5 was associated with a 16% greater hazard of all-cause dementia [1.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.31)]. Results using calendar time as the time axis were similar. DISCUSSION: In this prospective cohort study with extensive exposure data and consensus-based outcome ascertainment, elevated long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased hazard of all-cause dementia. We found that optimal control of age and time confounding could be achieved through use of either age or calendar time as the time axis in our study. Our results strengthen evidence on the neurodegenerative effects of PM2.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia Incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shaffer%2C+Rachel+M%2E%22">Shaffer, Rachel M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Blanco%2C+Magali+N%2E%22">Blanco, Magali N.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ge+Li%22">Ge Li</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3,4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Adar%2C+Sara+D%2E%22">Adar, Sara D.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Carone%2C+Marco%22">Carone, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szpiro%2C+Adam+A%2E%22">Szpiro, Adam A.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaufman%2C+Joel+D%2E%22">Kaufman, Joel D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,7</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Larson%2C+Timothy+V%2E%22">Larson, Timothy V.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,8</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Larson%2C+Eric+B%2E%22">Larson, Eric B.</searchLink><relatesTo>9,10</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Crane%2C+Paul+K%2E%22">Crane, Paul K.</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sheppard%2C+Lianne%22">Sheppard, Lianne</searchLink><relatesTo>1,6</relatesTo><i> sheppard@uw.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Health+Perspectives%22">Environmental Health Perspectives</searchLink>. Aug2021, Vol. 129 Issue 8, p1-087001-11. 11p. 1 Diagram, 1 Chart, 1 Graph, 1 Map.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Particulate+matter%22">Particulate matter</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Air+pollution%22">Air pollution</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+exposure%22">Environmental exposure</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dementia+risk+factors%22">Dementia risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disease+risk+factors%22">Disease risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Neurodegeneration%22">Neurodegeneration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Confidence+intervals%22">Confidence intervals</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Time%22">Time</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Multiple+regression+analysis%22">Multiple regression analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disease+incidence%22">Disease incidence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dementia%22">Dementia</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Apolipoproteins%22">Apolipoproteins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genotypes%22">Genotypes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Descriptive+statistics%22">Descriptive statistics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proportional+hazards+models%22">Proportional hazards models</searchLink>
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  Label: Geographic Terms
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Washington+%28State%29%22">Washington (State)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Germany%22">Germany</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: BACKGROUND: Air pollution may be associated with elevated dementia risk. Prior research has limitations that may affect reliability, and no studies have evaluated this question in a population-based cohort of men and women in the United States. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the association between time-varying, 10-y average fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and hazard of all-cause dementia. An additional goal was to understand how to adequately control for age and calendar-time-related confounding through choice of the time axis and covariate adjustment. METHODS: Using the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) population-based prospective cohort study in Seattle, we linked spatiotemporal model-based PM2.5 exposures to participant addresses from 1978 to 2018. Dementia diagnoses were made using high-quality, standardized, consensus-based protocols at biennial follow-ups. We conducted multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate the association between time-varying, 10-y average PM2.5 exposure and time to event in a model with age as the time axis, stratified by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, and adjusted for sex, education, race, neighborhood median household income, and calendar time. Alternative models used calendar time as the time axis. RESULTS: We report 1,136 cases of incident dementia among 4,166 individuals with nonmissing APOE status. Mean [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 10-y average PM2.5 was 10.1(±2.9)µg/m³. Each 1-µg/m³ increase in the moving average of 10-y PM2.5 was associated with a 16% greater hazard of all-cause dementia [1.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.31)]. Results using calendar time as the time axis were similar. DISCUSSION: In this prospective cohort study with extensive exposure data and consensus-based outcome ascertainment, elevated long-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased hazard of all-cause dementia. We found that optimal control of age and time confounding could be achieved through use of either age or calendar time as the time axis in our study. Our results strengthen evidence on the neurodegenerative effects of PM2.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1289/EHP9018
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Particulate matter
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Air pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental exposure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dementia risk factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease risk factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neurodegeneration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Confidence intervals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Time
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Multiple regression analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease incidence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dementia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Apolipoproteins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genotypes
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      – SubjectFull: Proportional hazards models
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      – SubjectFull: Washington (State)
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      – SubjectFull: Germany
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      – TitleFull: Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia Incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study.
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              Text: Aug2021
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