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Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990-2010.

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Title: Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990-2010.
Authors: Jiawen Liu1, Clark, Lara P.1, Bechle, Matthew J.1, Hajat, Anjum2, Sun-Young Kim3, Robinson, Allen L.4, Sheppard, Lianne5,6, Szpiro, Adam A.5, Marshall, Julian D.1 jdmarsh@uw.edu
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. Dec2021, Vol. 129 Issue 12, p127005-1-127005-14. 14p. 1 Chart, 4 Graphs.
Subject Terms: *Air pollution, *Particulate matter, *Sulfur compounds, *Population density, *Carbon monoxide, *Nitrogen oxides, *Oxides, *Ozone, *Environmental exposure, Risk factors of environmental exposure, Census, Black people, Hispanic Americans, Rural conditions, Self-evaluation, Age distribution, Travel, Time, Race, Population geography, Language & languages, Income, Risk assessment, Research funding, Physical mobility, Descriptive statistics, Ethnic groups, White people, Metropolitan areas, Aerodynamic load, Poverty
Geographic Terms: United States
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated air pollution exposure disparities by race/ethnicity and income across criteria air pollutants, locations, or time. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to quantify exposure disparities by race/ethnicity and income throughout the contiguous United States for six criteria air pollutants, during the period 1990 to 2010. METHODS: We quantified exposure disparities among racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic (any race), non-Hispanic Asian) and by income for multiple spatial units (contiguous United States, states, urban vs. rural areas) and years (1990, 2000, 2010) for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter =2.5 µm (PM2.5; excluding year-1990), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter =10 µm (PM10), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). We used census data for demographic information and a national empirical model for ambient air pollution levels. RESULTS: For all years and pollutants, the racial/ethnic group with the highest national average exposure was a racial/ethnic minority group. In 2010, the disparity between the racial/ethnic group with the highest vs. lowest national-average exposure was largest for NO2 [54% (4.6 ppb)], smallest for O3 [3.6% (1.6 ppb)], and intermediate for the remaining pollutants (13%–19%). The disparities varied by U.S. state; for example, for PM2.5 in 2010, exposures were at least 5% higher than average in 63% of states for non-Hispanic Black populations; in 33% and 26% of states for Hispanic and for non-Hispanic Asian populations, respectively; and in no states for non-Hispanic White populations. Absolute exposure disparities were larger among racial/ethnic groups than among income categories (range among pollutants: between 1.1 and 21 times larger). Over the period studied, national absolute racial/ethnic exposure disparities declined by between 35% (0.66 µg/m³; PM2.5) and 88% (0.35 ppm; CO); relative disparities declined to between 0.99 × (PM2.5; i.e., nearly zero change) and 0.71 × (CO; i.e., a ~29% reduction). DISCUSSION: As air pollution concentrations declined during the period 1990 to 2010, absolute (and to a lesser extent, relative) racial/ethnic exposure disparities also declined. However, in 2010, racial/ethnic exposure disparities remained across income levels, in urban and rural areas, and in all states, for multiple pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990-2010.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiawen+Liu%22">Jiawen Liu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Clark%2C+Lara+P%2E%22">Clark, Lara P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bechle%2C+Matthew+J%2E%22">Bechle, Matthew J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hajat%2C+Anjum%22">Hajat, Anjum</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sun-Young+Kim%22">Sun-Young Kim</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Robinson%2C+Allen+L%2E%22">Robinson, Allen L.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sheppard%2C+Lianne%22">Sheppard, Lianne</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Szpiro%2C+Adam+A%2E%22">Szpiro, Adam A.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marshall%2C+Julian+D%2E%22">Marshall, Julian D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> jdmarsh@uw.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Health+Perspectives%22">Environmental Health Perspectives</searchLink>. Dec2021, Vol. 129 Issue 12, p127005-1-127005-14. 14p. 1 Chart, 4 Graphs.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated air pollution exposure disparities by race/ethnicity and income across criteria air pollutants, locations, or time. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to quantify exposure disparities by race/ethnicity and income throughout the contiguous United States for six criteria air pollutants, during the period 1990 to 2010. METHODS: We quantified exposure disparities among racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic (any race), non-Hispanic Asian) and by income for multiple spatial units (contiguous United States, states, urban vs. rural areas) and years (1990, 2000, 2010) for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter =2.5 µm (PM2.5; excluding year-1990), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter =10 µm (PM10), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). We used census data for demographic information and a national empirical model for ambient air pollution levels. RESULTS: For all years and pollutants, the racial/ethnic group with the highest national average exposure was a racial/ethnic minority group. In 2010, the disparity between the racial/ethnic group with the highest vs. lowest national-average exposure was largest for NO2 [54% (4.6 ppb)], smallest for O3 [3.6% (1.6 ppb)], and intermediate for the remaining pollutants (13%–19%). The disparities varied by U.S. state; for example, for PM2.5 in 2010, exposures were at least 5% higher than average in 63% of states for non-Hispanic Black populations; in 33% and 26% of states for Hispanic and for non-Hispanic Asian populations, respectively; and in no states for non-Hispanic White populations. Absolute exposure disparities were larger among racial/ethnic groups than among income categories (range among pollutants: between 1.1 and 21 times larger). Over the period studied, national absolute racial/ethnic exposure disparities declined by between 35% (0.66 µg/m³; PM2.5) and 88% (0.35 ppm; CO); relative disparities declined to between 0.99 × (PM2.5; i.e., nearly zero change) and 0.71 × (CO; i.e., a ~29% reduction). DISCUSSION: As air pollution concentrations declined during the period 1990 to 2010, absolute (and to a lesser extent, relative) racial/ethnic exposure disparities also declined. However, in 2010, racial/ethnic exposure disparities remained across income levels, in urban and rural areas, and in all states, for multiple pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1289/EHP8584
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 127005-1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Air pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Particulate matter
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sulfur compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Population density
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon monoxide
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitrogen oxides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oxides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ozone
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental exposure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk factors of environmental exposure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Census
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Black people
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hispanic Americans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rural conditions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Self-evaluation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Age distribution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Travel
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      – SubjectFull: Time
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      – SubjectFull: Race
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      – SubjectFull: Population geography
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      – SubjectFull: Language & languages
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Income
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Risk assessment
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      – SubjectFull: Research funding
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Physical mobility
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Descriptive statistics
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      – SubjectFull: Ethnic groups
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: White people
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metropolitan areas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aerodynamic load
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Poverty
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: United States
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990-2010.
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              Text: Dec2021
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