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The influence of hardness at varying pH on zinc toxicity and lability to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella sp.

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Title: The influence of hardness at varying pH on zinc toxicity and lability to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella sp.
Authors: Price, Gwilym. A. V.1,2 (AUTHOR) gwilym.price@csiro.au, Stauber, Jenny L.2,3 (AUTHOR), Holland, Aleicia2,3 (AUTHOR), Koppel, Darren J.2,4 (AUTHOR), Van Genderen, Eric J.5 (AUTHOR), Ryan, Adam C.5 (AUTHOR), Jolley, Dianne F.2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. May2022, Vol. 24 Issue 5, p783-793. 11p.
Subject Terms: *Zinc, *Water hardness, *Fresh water, *Freshwater algae, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella, Hardness
Abstract: Zinc is an essential element for aquatic organisms, however, activities such as mining and refining, as well as zinc's ubiquitous role in modern society can contribute to elevated environmental concentrations of zinc. Water hardness is widely accepted as an important toxicity modifying factor for metals in aquatic systems, though other factors such as pH are also important. This study investigated the influence of increasing water hardness, at three different pH values (6.7, 7.6 and 8.3), on the chronic toxicity of zinc to the growth rate of a microalgae, Chlorella sp. Zinc toxicity decreased with increasing hardness from 5 to 93 mg CaCO3 L−1 at all three pH values tested. The 72 h growth rate inhibition EC50 values ranged from 6.2 μg Zn L−1 (at 5 mg CaCO3 L−1, pH 8.3) to 184 μg Zn L−1 (at 92 mg CaCO3 L−1, pH 6.7). Increases in hardness from 93 to 402 mg CaCO3 L−1 generally resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) reduction in zinc toxicity. DGT-labile zinc measurements did not correspond with the observed changes in zinc toxicity as hardness was varied within a pH treatment. This suggests that cationic competition from increased hardness is decreasing zinc toxicity, rather than changes in metal lability. This study highlighted that current hardness algorithms used in water quality guidelines may not be sufficiently protective of sensitive species, such as Chlorella sp., in high hardness waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts is the property of Royal Society of Chemistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The influence of hardness at varying pH on zinc toxicity and lability to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella sp.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Price%2C+Gwilym%2E+A%2E+V%2E%22">Price, Gwilym. A. V.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> gwilym.price@csiro.au</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stauber%2C+Jenny+L%2E%22">Stauber, Jenny L.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holland%2C+Aleicia%22">Holland, Aleicia</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koppel%2C+Darren+J%2E%22">Koppel, Darren J.</searchLink><relatesTo>2,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Van+Genderen%2C+Eric+J%2E%22">Van Genderen, Eric J.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ryan%2C+Adam+C%2E%22">Ryan, Adam C.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jolley%2C+Dianne+F%2E%22">Jolley, Dianne F.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Science%3A+Processes+%26+Impacts%22">Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</searchLink>. May2022, Vol. 24 Issue 5, p783-793. 11p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Zinc%22">Zinc</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+hardness%22">Water hardness</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fresh+water%22">Fresh water</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Freshwater+algae%22">Freshwater algae</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chlorella+vulgaris%22">Chlorella vulgaris</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chlorella%22">Chlorella</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hardness%22">Hardness</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Zinc is an essential element for aquatic organisms, however, activities such as mining and refining, as well as zinc's ubiquitous role in modern society can contribute to elevated environmental concentrations of zinc. Water hardness is widely accepted as an important toxicity modifying factor for metals in aquatic systems, though other factors such as pH are also important. This study investigated the influence of increasing water hardness, at three different pH values (6.7, 7.6 and 8.3), on the chronic toxicity of zinc to the growth rate of a microalgae, Chlorella sp. Zinc toxicity decreased with increasing hardness from 5 to 93 mg CaCO3 L−1 at all three pH values tested. The 72 h growth rate inhibition EC50 values ranged from 6.2 μg Zn L−1 (at 5 mg CaCO3 L−1, pH 8.3) to 184 μg Zn L−1 (at 92 mg CaCO3 L−1, pH 6.7). Increases in hardness from 93 to 402 mg CaCO3 L−1 generally resulted in no significant (p > 0.05) reduction in zinc toxicity. DGT-labile zinc measurements did not correspond with the observed changes in zinc toxicity as hardness was varied within a pH treatment. This suggests that cationic competition from increased hardness is decreasing zinc toxicity, rather than changes in metal lability. This study highlighted that current hardness algorithms used in water quality guidelines may not be sufficiently protective of sensitive species, such as Chlorella sp., in high hardness waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts is the property of Royal Society of Chemistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1039/d2em00063f
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 783
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Zinc
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water hardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fresh water
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Freshwater algae
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chlorella vulgaris
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chlorella
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hardness
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: The influence of hardness at varying pH on zinc toxicity and lability to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella sp.
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2022
              Type: published
              Y: 2022
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