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Thermochromic glass laminates comprising W/VO2 nanoparticles obtained by wet bead milling: An in-depth study of the switching performance.

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Title: Thermochromic glass laminates comprising W/VO2 nanoparticles obtained by wet bead milling: An in-depth study of the switching performance.
Authors: Calvi, Lavinia1,2,3 (AUTHOR), van Zandvoort, Ryan4,5 (AUTHOR), Leufkens, Luc4,5 (AUTHOR), Hupperetz, Janique F.B.4,5 (AUTHOR), Habets, Roberto4,5 (AUTHOR), Mann, Daniel4,5 (AUTHOR), Meulendijks, Nicole4,5 (AUTHOR), Verheijen, Marcel A.6,7 (AUTHOR), Elen, Ken1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Hardy, An1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Van Bael, Marlies K.1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Buskens, Pascal1,4,5 (AUTHOR) pascal.buskens@tno.nl
Source: Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. Aug2023, Vol. 257, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Electrochromic windows, Laminated glass, Phase transitions, Powders, Laminated materials, Nanoparticle size, Nanoparticles, Metal-insulator transitions
Abstract: The switching performance of W/VO 2 nanoparticles in thermochromic glass laminates was investigated. W/VO 2 powder was prepared, and displayed a phase transition temperature and switching enthalpy of 20.9 °C and 37.5 ± 0.2 J g−1, respectively. Using wet bead milling, the particle size was reduced from 24 ± 2 μm to 120 ± 10 nm. In the same process, the switching enthalpy decreased to 18.2 ± 0.6 J g−1 due to partial loss of crystallinity. The kinetics of the structural phase transition were studied using Friedman's differential isoconversional method. This demonstrated that the activation energy | E α | was inversely proportional to the square of the difference between the material's temperature and the critical switching temperature T 0 , pointing out that nucleation kinetics were determining the rate. Furthermore, | E α | decreased upon milling, and kinetic asymmetry was induced. The milled nanoparticles were compounded with PVB to produce thermochromic films, which were applied for laminating glass plates. The impact of nanoparticle size and concentration on the resulting optical properties of the laminate, viz. solar transmission and solar modulation, was studied in detail. The highest solar modulation obtained was 9.4%. The results obtained in this study are of direct importance for the application in smart windows, showing that (i) the W/VO 2 particle size needs to be ≤ 100 nm to avoid excessive haze, (ii) both powder production and bead milling require further process optimization to minimize functional performance losses, and (iii) T 0 should be set about 3 °C lower to ensure a sufficiently fast switch at the temperature of choice. • W/VO 2 powder is successfully milled to produce thermochromic W/VO 2 nanoparticles. • Milling reduces switching enthalpy and functional performance. • Kinetics: nucleation is rate determining, overheating required for fast switch. • W/VO 2 nanoparticles applied in glass laminates: solar modulation up to 9.4%. • Further reduction of particle size (≤100 nm) to avoid haze required for use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Thermochromic glass laminates comprising W/VO2 nanoparticles obtained by wet bead milling: An in-depth study of the switching performance.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Solar+Energy+Materials+%26+Solar+Cells%22">Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells</searchLink>. Aug2023, Vol. 257, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrochromic+windows%22">Electrochromic windows</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laminated+glass%22">Laminated glass</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Phase+transitions%22">Phase transitions</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Powders%22">Powders</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Laminated+materials%22">Laminated materials</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoparticle+size%22">Nanoparticle size</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoparticles%22">Nanoparticles</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal-insulator+transitions%22">Metal-insulator transitions</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The switching performance of W/VO 2 nanoparticles in thermochromic glass laminates was investigated. W/VO 2 powder was prepared, and displayed a phase transition temperature and switching enthalpy of 20.9 °C and 37.5 ± 0.2 J g−1, respectively. Using wet bead milling, the particle size was reduced from 24 ± 2 μm to 120 ± 10 nm. In the same process, the switching enthalpy decreased to 18.2 ± 0.6 J g−1 due to partial loss of crystallinity. The kinetics of the structural phase transition were studied using Friedman's differential isoconversional method. This demonstrated that the activation energy | E α | was inversely proportional to the square of the difference between the material's temperature and the critical switching temperature T 0 , pointing out that nucleation kinetics were determining the rate. Furthermore, | E α | decreased upon milling, and kinetic asymmetry was induced. The milled nanoparticles were compounded with PVB to produce thermochromic films, which were applied for laminating glass plates. The impact of nanoparticle size and concentration on the resulting optical properties of the laminate, viz. solar transmission and solar modulation, was studied in detail. The highest solar modulation obtained was 9.4%. The results obtained in this study are of direct importance for the application in smart windows, showing that (i) the W/VO 2 particle size needs to be ≤ 100 nm to avoid excessive haze, (ii) both powder production and bead milling require further process optimization to minimize functional performance losses, and (iii) T 0 should be set about 3 °C lower to ensure a sufficiently fast switch at the temperature of choice. • W/VO 2 powder is successfully milled to produce thermochromic W/VO 2 nanoparticles. • Milling reduces switching enthalpy and functional performance. • Kinetics: nucleation is rate determining, overheating required for fast switch. • W/VO 2 nanoparticles applied in glass laminates: solar modulation up to 9.4%. • Further reduction of particle size (≤100 nm) to avoid haze required for use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.solmat.2023.112350
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Electrochromic windows
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laminated glass
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phase transitions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Powders
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Laminated materials
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanoparticle size
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nanoparticles
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metal-insulator transitions
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Thermochromic glass laminates comprising W/VO2 nanoparticles obtained by wet bead milling: An in-depth study of the switching performance.
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2023
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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