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Estimating effective survey duration in camera trap distance sampling surveys.

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Title: Estimating effective survey duration in camera trap distance sampling surveys.
Authors: Kühl, Hjalmar S.1,2,3 (AUTHOR) hjalmar.kuehl@senckenberg.de, Buckland, Stephen T.4 (AUTHOR), Henrich, Maik5,6 (AUTHOR), Howe, Eric7 (AUTHOR), Heurich, Marco5,6,8 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ecology & Evolution (20457758). Oct2023, Vol. 13 Issue 10, p1-14. 14p.
Subject Terms: *Energy consumption, Roe deer, Motion detectors, Red deer, Cameras, Wild boar, Infrared cameras, Space charge
Abstract: Among other approaches, camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) is used to estimate animal abundance from unmarked populations. It was formulated for videos and observation distances are measured at predetermined 'snapshot moments'. Surveys recording still images with passive infrared motion sensors suffer from frequent periods where animals are not photographed, either because of technical delays before the camera can be triggered again (i.e. 'camera recovery time') or because they remain stationary and do not immediately retrigger the camera following camera recovery time (i.e. 'retrigger delays'). These effects need to be considered when calculating temporal survey effort to avoid downwardly biased abundance estimates. Here, we extend the CTDS model for passive infrared motion sensor recording of single images or short photo series. We propose estimating 'mean time intervals between triggers' as combined mean camera recovery time and mean retrigger delays from the time interval distribution of pairs of consecutive pictures, using a Gamma and Exponential function, respectively. We apply the approach to survey data on red deer, roe deer and wild boar. Mean time intervals between triggers were very similar when estimated empirically and when derived from the model‐based approach. Depending on truncation times (i.e. the time interval between consecutive pictures beyond which data are discarded) and species, we estimated mean time intervals between retriggers between 8.28 and 15.05 s. Using a predefined snapshot interval, not accounting for these intervals, would lead to underestimated density by up to 96% due to overestimated temporal survey effort. The proposed approach is applicable to any taxa surveyed with camera traps. As programming of cameras to record still images is often preferred over video recording due to reduced consumption of energy and memory, we expect this approach to find broad application, also for other camera trap methods than CTDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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IllustrationInfo
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Estimating effective survey duration in camera trap distance sampling surveys.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kühl%2C+Hjalmar+S%2E%22">Kühl, Hjalmar S.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hjalmar.kuehl@senckenberg.de</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Buckland%2C+Stephen+T%2E%22">Buckland, Stephen T.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Henrich%2C+Maik%22">Henrich, Maik</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Howe%2C+Eric%22">Howe, Eric</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Heurich%2C+Marco%22">Heurich, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecology+%26+Evolution+%2820457758%29%22">Ecology & Evolution (20457758)</searchLink>. Oct2023, Vol. 13 Issue 10, p1-14. 14p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+consumption%22">Energy consumption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Roe+deer%22">Roe deer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Motion+detectors%22">Motion detectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Red+deer%22">Red deer</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cameras%22">Cameras</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wild+boar%22">Wild boar</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Infrared+cameras%22">Infrared cameras</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Space+charge%22">Space charge</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Among other approaches, camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) is used to estimate animal abundance from unmarked populations. It was formulated for videos and observation distances are measured at predetermined 'snapshot moments'. Surveys recording still images with passive infrared motion sensors suffer from frequent periods where animals are not photographed, either because of technical delays before the camera can be triggered again (i.e. 'camera recovery time') or because they remain stationary and do not immediately retrigger the camera following camera recovery time (i.e. 'retrigger delays'). These effects need to be considered when calculating temporal survey effort to avoid downwardly biased abundance estimates. Here, we extend the CTDS model for passive infrared motion sensor recording of single images or short photo series. We propose estimating 'mean time intervals between triggers' as combined mean camera recovery time and mean retrigger delays from the time interval distribution of pairs of consecutive pictures, using a Gamma and Exponential function, respectively. We apply the approach to survey data on red deer, roe deer and wild boar. Mean time intervals between triggers were very similar when estimated empirically and when derived from the model‐based approach. Depending on truncation times (i.e. the time interval between consecutive pictures beyond which data are discarded) and species, we estimated mean time intervals between retriggers between 8.28 and 15.05 s. Using a predefined snapshot interval, not accounting for these intervals, would lead to underestimated density by up to 96% due to overestimated temporal survey effort. The proposed approach is applicable to any taxa surveyed with camera traps. As programming of cameras to record still images is often preferred over video recording due to reduced consumption of energy and memory, we expect this approach to find broad application, also for other camera trap methods than CTDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/ece3.10599
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Energy consumption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Roe deer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Motion detectors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Red deer
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cameras
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Wild boar
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Infrared cameras
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Space charge
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Estimating effective survey duration in camera trap distance sampling surveys.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Kühl, Hjalmar S.
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            NameFull: Buckland, Stephen T.
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            NameFull: Henrich, Maik
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            NameFull: Howe, Eric
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            NameFull: Heurich, Marco
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            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: Oct2023
              Type: published
              Y: 2023
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              Value: 20457758
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              Value: 13
            – Type: issue
              Value: 10
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            – TitleFull: Ecology & Evolution (20457758)
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