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Cautionary tales on the use of proxies to estimate body size and form of extinct animals.

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Title: Cautionary tales on the use of proxies to estimate body size and form of extinct animals.
Authors: Gayford, Joel H.1,2,3 (AUTHOR) jhg19@ic.ac.uk, Engelman, Russell K.4 (AUTHOR), Sternes, Phillip C.3,5 (AUTHOR), Itano, Wayne M.6 (AUTHOR), Bazzi, Mohamad7 (AUTHOR), Collareta, Alberto8,9 (AUTHOR), Salas‐Gismondi, Rodolfo10,11 (AUTHOR), Shimada, Kenshu12,13,14 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ecology & Evolution (20457758). Sep2024, Vol. 14 Issue 9, p1-16. 16p.
Subject Terms: *Extinct animals, *Physiology, Body size, Paleobiology, Life history theory
Abstract: Body size is of fundamental importance to our understanding of extinct organisms. Physiology, ecology and life history are all strongly influenced by body size and shape, which ultimately determine how a species interacts with its environment. Reconstruction of body size and form in extinct animals provides insight into the dynamics underlying community composition and faunal turnover in past ecosystems and broad macroevolutionary trends. Many extinct animals are known only from incomplete remains, necessitating the use of anatomical proxies to reconstruct body size and form. Numerous limitations affecting the appropriateness of these proxies are often overlooked, leading to controversy and downstream inaccuracies in studies for which reconstructions represent key input data. In this perspective, we discuss four prominent case studies (Dunkleosteus, Helicoprion, Megalodon and Perucetus) in which proxy taxa have been used to estimate body size and shape from fragmentary remains. We synthesise the results of these and other studies to discuss nuances affecting the validity of taxon selection when reconstructing extinct organisms, as well as mitigation measures that can ensure the selection of the most appropriate proxy. We argue that these precautionary measures are necessary to maximise the robustness of reconstructions in extinct taxa for better evolutionary and ecological inferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Cautionary tales on the use of proxies to estimate body size and form of extinct animals.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gayford%2C+Joel+H%2E%22">Gayford, Joel H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> jhg19@ic.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Engelman%2C+Russell+K%2E%22">Engelman, Russell K.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sternes%2C+Phillip+C%2E%22">Sternes, Phillip C.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Itano%2C+Wayne+M%2E%22">Itano, Wayne M.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bazzi%2C+Mohamad%22">Bazzi, Mohamad</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Collareta%2C+Alberto%22">Collareta, Alberto</searchLink><relatesTo>8,9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Salas‐Gismondi%2C+Rodolfo%22">Salas‐Gismondi, Rodolfo</searchLink><relatesTo>10,11</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shimada%2C+Kenshu%22">Shimada, Kenshu</searchLink><relatesTo>12,13,14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecology+%26+Evolution+%2820457758%29%22">Ecology & Evolution (20457758)</searchLink>. Sep2024, Vol. 14 Issue 9, p1-16. 16p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Extinct+animals%22">Extinct animals</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Physiology%22">Physiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Body+size%22">Body size</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Paleobiology%22">Paleobiology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Life+history+theory%22">Life history theory</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Body size is of fundamental importance to our understanding of extinct organisms. Physiology, ecology and life history are all strongly influenced by body size and shape, which ultimately determine how a species interacts with its environment. Reconstruction of body size and form in extinct animals provides insight into the dynamics underlying community composition and faunal turnover in past ecosystems and broad macroevolutionary trends. Many extinct animals are known only from incomplete remains, necessitating the use of anatomical proxies to reconstruct body size and form. Numerous limitations affecting the appropriateness of these proxies are often overlooked, leading to controversy and downstream inaccuracies in studies for which reconstructions represent key input data. In this perspective, we discuss four prominent case studies (Dunkleosteus, Helicoprion, Megalodon and Perucetus) in which proxy taxa have been used to estimate body size and shape from fragmentary remains. We synthesise the results of these and other studies to discuss nuances affecting the validity of taxon selection when reconstructing extinct organisms, as well as mitigation measures that can ensure the selection of the most appropriate proxy. We argue that these precautionary measures are necessary to maximise the robustness of reconstructions in extinct taxa for better evolutionary and ecological inferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Body size
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      – SubjectFull: Paleobiology
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      – SubjectFull: Life history theory
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              M: 09
              Text: Sep2024
              Type: published
              Y: 2024
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