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Links between atmospheric aerosols and sea state in the Arctic Ocean.

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Title: Links between atmospheric aerosols and sea state in the Arctic Ocean.
Authors: Moallemi, Alireza1 (AUTHOR) alireza.moallemi@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca, Alberello, Alberto2 (AUTHOR), Thurnherr, Iris3 (AUTHOR), Li, Guangyu3 (AUTHOR), Kanji, Zamin A.3 (AUTHOR), Bergamasco, Filippo4 (AUTHOR), Pohorsky, Roman1 (AUTHOR), Nelli, Filippo1,5 (AUTHOR), Toffoli, Alessandro5 (AUTHOR), Schmale, Julia1 (AUTHOR) julia.schmale@epfl.ch
Source: Atmospheric Environment. Dec2024, Vol. 338, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Ocean waves, *Atmospheric aerosols, *Sea ice, Boundary layer (Aerodynamics), Reynolds number
Abstract: Sea spray emission is the largest mass flux of aerosols to the atmosphere with important impact on atmospheric radiative transfer. However, large uncertainties still exit in constraining this mass flux and its climate forcing, in particular in the Arctic, where sea ice and relatively low wind speed in summer constitute a significantly different regime compared to the global ocean. Sea state conditions and marine boundary layer stability are also critical variables, but their contribution is often overlooked. Here we present concurrent observations of sea state using a novel stereo camera system, of sea spray through coarse mode aerosols, and of meteorological variables to determine boundary layer stability in the Barents and Kara Seas during the 2021 Arctic Century Expedition. Our findings reveal that aerosol concentrations were highest over open waters, closely correlating with wave height, followed by wind speed, wave steepness, and wave age. Notably, these correlations were stronger under unstable marine boundary layer conditions, reflecting immediate sea spray generation. By analysing various combinations of sea and atmospheric variables, we identified the wave height Reynolds number as the most effective indicator of atmospheric sea spray concentration, explaining 57% of its variability in unstable conditions. Our study underscores the need to consider sea state, wind, and boundary layer conditions together to accurately estimate atmospheric sea spray concentrations in the Arctic. [Display omitted] • Sea surface state relation to coarse mode aerosol was studied over the Arctic Ocean. • Aerosol concentration correlated stronger to sea state in unstable boundary layer. • Wave height Reynolds number best parametrized the aerosol concentration variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Links between atmospheric aerosols and sea state in the Arctic Ocean.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Moallemi%2C+Alireza%22">Moallemi, Alireza</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> alireza.moallemi@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alberello%2C+Alberto%22">Alberello, Alberto</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thurnherr%2C+Iris%22">Thurnherr, Iris</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Guangyu%22">Li, Guangyu</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kanji%2C+Zamin+A%2E%22">Kanji, Zamin A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bergamasco%2C+Filippo%22">Bergamasco, Filippo</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pohorsky%2C+Roman%22">Pohorsky, Roman</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nelli%2C+Filippo%22">Nelli, Filippo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Toffoli%2C+Alessandro%22">Toffoli, Alessandro</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schmale%2C+Julia%22">Schmale, Julia</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> julia.schmale@epfl.ch</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Atmospheric+Environment%22">Atmospheric Environment</searchLink>. Dec2024, Vol. 338, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ocean+waves%22">Ocean waves</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+aerosols%22">Atmospheric aerosols</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sea+ice%22">Sea ice</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Boundary+layer+%28Aerodynamics%29%22">Boundary layer (Aerodynamics)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reynolds+number%22">Reynolds number</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Sea spray emission is the largest mass flux of aerosols to the atmosphere with important impact on atmospheric radiative transfer. However, large uncertainties still exit in constraining this mass flux and its climate forcing, in particular in the Arctic, where sea ice and relatively low wind speed in summer constitute a significantly different regime compared to the global ocean. Sea state conditions and marine boundary layer stability are also critical variables, but their contribution is often overlooked. Here we present concurrent observations of sea state using a novel stereo camera system, of sea spray through coarse mode aerosols, and of meteorological variables to determine boundary layer stability in the Barents and Kara Seas during the 2021 Arctic Century Expedition. Our findings reveal that aerosol concentrations were highest over open waters, closely correlating with wave height, followed by wind speed, wave steepness, and wave age. Notably, these correlations were stronger under unstable marine boundary layer conditions, reflecting immediate sea spray generation. By analysing various combinations of sea and atmospheric variables, we identified the wave height Reynolds number as the most effective indicator of atmospheric sea spray concentration, explaining 57% of its variability in unstable conditions. Our study underscores the need to consider sea state, wind, and boundary layer conditions together to accurately estimate atmospheric sea spray concentrations in the Arctic. [Display omitted] • Sea surface state relation to coarse mode aerosol was studied over the Arctic Ocean. • Aerosol concentration correlated stronger to sea state in unstable boundary layer. • Wave height Reynolds number best parametrized the aerosol concentration variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120844
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
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      – SubjectFull: Ocean waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric aerosols
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      – SubjectFull: Sea ice
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      – SubjectFull: Boundary layer (Aerodynamics)
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      – SubjectFull: Reynolds number
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      – TitleFull: Links between atmospheric aerosols and sea state in the Arctic Ocean.
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              Text: Dec2024
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