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Assessing the human health risks of indoor PM2.5 exposure in urban and rural households in two provinces of South Africa.

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Title: Assessing the human health risks of indoor PM2.5 exposure in urban and rural households in two provinces of South Africa.
Authors: Wright, Caradee Y.1,2 (AUTHOR) caradee.wright@mrc.ac.za, Benyon, Matthew3,4,5 (AUTHOR), Diab, Roseanne D.6 (AUTHOR), Naidoo, Natasha7 (AUTHOR), Kwatala, Ngwako8,9 (AUTHOR), Kunene, Siyathemba8,9 (AUTHOR), Batini, Chiara10,11 (AUTHOR), Micklesfield, Lisa K.12 (AUTHOR), Cai, Samuel4 (AUTHOR), Panchal, Rikesh3,4 (AUTHOR), Zondo, Sizwe B.9 (AUTHOR), Language, Brigitte13 (AUTHOR), Wernecke, Bianca1,2 (AUTHOR), Hazelhurst, Scott9,14 (AUTHOR), Xavier Gómez-Olivé, F.15 (AUTHOR), Hey, Joshua Vande3,4,5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Atmospheric Environment. Feb2025, Vol. 343, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Health risk assessment, *Air quality, *Air pollution, *Coal combustion, *Particulate matter, *Indoor air pollution
Abstract: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is linked to many adverse outcomes, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. South Africa's reliance on coal combustion has led to poor air quality. Indoor air pollution exacerbates health risks in low-income households, necessitating thorough assessment. In this study, a human health risk assessment (HHRA) provided an understanding of health risks posed by indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations in rural and urban settings. During two campaigns, PM 2.5 concentrations were monitored indoors (low-cost sensors in households) and outdoors (Zephyr sensors). We employed the method of the US Environmental Protection Agency in 22 urban households and 22 rural households. During a cooler period, indoor PM 2.5 concentrations in all households exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines. In Soweto, the winter 24-h PM 2.5 concentrations reached as high as 491.4 μg/m³ (Household 19), surpassing all the WHO guideline targets, with the highest at 75 μg/m³. Even with conditions of higher atmospheric dispersion and less solid fuel burning, almost half of rural households had Hazard Quotients (HQs) > 1. In both seasons in urban areas and winter in rural areas, HQ values consistently remained >1, signalling greater health risks. Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations almost consistently exceeded outdoor reference limits in both rural and urban locations throughout the year, underscoring the additional pollution burden due to indoor solid fuel burning and personal smoking habits. One Agincourt household recorded a warm period 24-h peak PM 2.5 concentration of 1054 μg/m³ indoors, far higher than any corresponding outdoor values. There is an urgent need for interventions to mitigate indoor air pollution that presents significant health risks to household occupants. Reducing health risks associated with high PM 2.5 concentrations require interventions to mitigate outdoor PM 2.5 levels and solid fuel use indoors. (347 words) • Low-income urban and rural households in South Africa are at risk of exposure to indoor PM 2.5 exposure in winter months. • Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded outdoor values at both rural and urban locations. • Indoor PM 2.5 peaks are closely aligned with outdoor peaks underscoring the need to mitigate outdoor air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Assessing the human health risks of indoor PM2.5 exposure in urban and rural households in two provinces of South Africa.
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  Data: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is linked to many adverse outcomes, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. South Africa's reliance on coal combustion has led to poor air quality. Indoor air pollution exacerbates health risks in low-income households, necessitating thorough assessment. In this study, a human health risk assessment (HHRA) provided an understanding of health risks posed by indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations in rural and urban settings. During two campaigns, PM 2.5 concentrations were monitored indoors (low-cost sensors in households) and outdoors (Zephyr sensors). We employed the method of the US Environmental Protection Agency in 22 urban households and 22 rural households. During a cooler period, indoor PM 2.5 concentrations in all households exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guidelines. In Soweto, the winter 24-h PM 2.5 concentrations reached as high as 491.4 μg/m³ (Household 19), surpassing all the WHO guideline targets, with the highest at 75 μg/m³. Even with conditions of higher atmospheric dispersion and less solid fuel burning, almost half of rural households had Hazard Quotients (HQs) > 1. In both seasons in urban areas and winter in rural areas, HQ values consistently remained >1, signalling greater health risks. Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations almost consistently exceeded outdoor reference limits in both rural and urban locations throughout the year, underscoring the additional pollution burden due to indoor solid fuel burning and personal smoking habits. One Agincourt household recorded a warm period 24-h peak PM 2.5 concentration of 1054 μg/m³ indoors, far higher than any corresponding outdoor values. There is an urgent need for interventions to mitigate indoor air pollution that presents significant health risks to household occupants. Reducing health risks associated with high PM 2.5 concentrations require interventions to mitigate outdoor PM 2.5 levels and solid fuel use indoors. (347 words) • Low-income urban and rural households in South Africa are at risk of exposure to indoor PM 2.5 exposure in winter months. • Indoor PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded outdoor values at both rural and urban locations. • Indoor PM 2.5 peaks are closely aligned with outdoor peaks underscoring the need to mitigate outdoor air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120996
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
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      – SubjectFull: Health risk assessment
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      – SubjectFull: Air quality
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      – SubjectFull: Air pollution
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      – SubjectFull: Coal combustion
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      – SubjectFull: Particulate matter
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Indoor air pollution
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Assessing the human health risks of indoor PM2.5 exposure in urban and rural households in two provinces of South Africa.
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              Text: Feb2025
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