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Characteristics of elevated PM2.5 events driven by enhanced organic compound concentrations in a South Korean residential city.

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Title: Characteristics of elevated PM2.5 events driven by enhanced organic compound concentrations in a South Korean residential city.
Authors: Lee, Hye-Ji1,2 (AUTHOR), Lee, Hyo-Won1 (AUTHOR), Park, Sung-Won1 (AUTHOR), Jeon, Ji-Won1 (AUTHOR), Kim, Pyung-Rae1 (AUTHOR), Kwak, Kyung-Hwan1,3 (AUTHOR), Han, Young-Ji1,3 (AUTHOR) youngji@kangwon.ac.kr, Holsen, Thomas M.4 (AUTHOR), Lee, Seung-Ha5 (AUTHOR), Jung, Hyun-Gu5 (AUTHOR), Cha, Seung-Hwan5 (AUTHOR), Park, Jung-Min5 (AUTHOR), Yoo, Myung-Soo5 (AUTHOR)
Source: Atmospheric Environment. Mar2025, Vol. 345, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Biomass burning, *Crop residues, Unsaturated fatty acids, Dicarboxylic acids, Succinic acid
Abstract: Organic matter is often the largest contributor to PM 2.5 , but its emission sources and formation pathways are very diverse, making it challenging to identify the causes of high concentration episodes. In this study, four groups of organic compounds that contribute to PM 2.5 , including sugars, dicarboxylic acids (DA), fatty acids (FA), and pinonic acid (PNA) were measured in a medium-sized residential city in South Korea during three seasons, where high PM 2.5 concentration episodes often occur. The average concentrations of PM 2.5 and total quantified organic matter (∑17 qOM) was 21 ± 12 μg m−3 and 391 ± 183 ng m−3, respectively. The concentration of ∑sugars was higher during the colder seasons compared to the warm season (32 ± 18 ng m−3, 240 ± 109 ng m−3, and 231 ± 105 ng m−3 in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). In contrast, ∑DAs exhibited the opposite seasonal trend (234 ± 164 ng m−3, 114 ± 103 ng m−3, and 140 ± 103 ng m−3 in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). The contribution of ∑FA to qOM was relatively consistent (13.1% in warm season to 15.6% in colder seasons). PNA, a biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracer, had a significantly higher concentration during the warm season (16 ± 13 ng m−3 in warm season vs. 3 ± 3 ng m−3 in colder seasons). A strong correlation between ∑sugars and ∑FAs (r = 0.72) was observed only in the transition season, when crop residue burning was determined to be important. Unsaturated FAs were likely to be efficiently aged during the cold season since the ratio of C 18:0 to C 18:1 , a tracer for the age of aerosol, increased. DAs were generally dominant in the warm season, but also significantly increased during most high PM 2.5 concentration episodes (HCEs; 306 ± 199 ng m−3), which primarily occurred in the colder season. During HCEs appearing in colder season, the ratio of malonic acid (C 3) to succinic acid (C 4), a tracer for photochemical aging of air masses, also increased, suggesting that the secondary aerosol formation and aerosol aging significantly enhanced PM 2.5 concentration. • Organic matter was the largest contributor to PM 2.5. • Biomass burning was an important source of organic aerosol during the cold season. • Unsaturated fatty acids were efficiently aged during the cold season. • Dicarboxylic acid concentrations increased considerably during most high PM 2.5 concentration episodes. • Secondary formation and aerosol aging played a significant role in enhancing PM 2.5 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Characteristics of elevated PM2.5 events driven by enhanced organic compound concentrations in a South Korean residential city.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Hye-Ji%22">Lee, Hye-Ji</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Hyo-Won%22">Lee, Hyo-Won</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Park%2C+Sung-Won%22">Park, Sung-Won</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jeon%2C+Ji-Won%22">Jeon, Ji-Won</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Pyung-Rae%22">Kim, Pyung-Rae</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kwak%2C+Kyung-Hwan%22">Kwak, Kyung-Hwan</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Han%2C+Young-Ji%22">Han, Young-Ji</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> youngji@kangwon.ac.kr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holsen%2C+Thomas+M%2E%22">Holsen, Thomas M.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+Seung-Ha%22">Lee, Seung-Ha</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jung%2C+Hyun-Gu%22">Jung, Hyun-Gu</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cha%2C+Seung-Hwan%22">Cha, Seung-Hwan</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Park%2C+Jung-Min%22">Park, Jung-Min</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yoo%2C+Myung-Soo%22">Yoo, Myung-Soo</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Atmospheric+Environment%22">Atmospheric Environment</searchLink>. Mar2025, Vol. 345, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biomass+burning%22">Biomass burning</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crop+residues%22">Crop residues</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Unsaturated+fatty+acids%22">Unsaturated fatty acids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dicarboxylic+acids%22">Dicarboxylic acids</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Succinic+acid%22">Succinic acid</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Organic matter is often the largest contributor to PM 2.5 , but its emission sources and formation pathways are very diverse, making it challenging to identify the causes of high concentration episodes. In this study, four groups of organic compounds that contribute to PM 2.5 , including sugars, dicarboxylic acids (DA), fatty acids (FA), and pinonic acid (PNA) were measured in a medium-sized residential city in South Korea during three seasons, where high PM 2.5 concentration episodes often occur. The average concentrations of PM 2.5 and total quantified organic matter (∑17 qOM) was 21 ± 12 μg m−3 and 391 ± 183 ng m−3, respectively. The concentration of ∑sugars was higher during the colder seasons compared to the warm season (32 ± 18 ng m−3, 240 ± 109 ng m−3, and 231 ± 105 ng m−3 in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). In contrast, ∑DAs exhibited the opposite seasonal trend (234 ± 164 ng m−3, 114 ± 103 ng m−3, and 140 ± 103 ng m−3 in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). The contribution of ∑FA to qOM was relatively consistent (13.1% in warm season to 15.6% in colder seasons). PNA, a biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracer, had a significantly higher concentration during the warm season (16 ± 13 ng m−3 in warm season vs. 3 ± 3 ng m−3 in colder seasons). A strong correlation between ∑sugars and ∑FAs (r = 0.72) was observed only in the transition season, when crop residue burning was determined to be important. Unsaturated FAs were likely to be efficiently aged during the cold season since the ratio of C 18:0 to C 18:1 , a tracer for the age of aerosol, increased. DAs were generally dominant in the warm season, but also significantly increased during most high PM 2.5 concentration episodes (HCEs; 306 ± 199 ng m−3), which primarily occurred in the colder season. During HCEs appearing in colder season, the ratio of malonic acid (C 3) to succinic acid (C 4), a tracer for photochemical aging of air masses, also increased, suggesting that the secondary aerosol formation and aerosol aging significantly enhanced PM 2.5 concentration. • Organic matter was the largest contributor to PM 2.5. • Biomass burning was an important source of organic aerosol during the cold season. • Unsaturated fatty acids were efficiently aged during the cold season. • Dicarboxylic acid concentrations increased considerably during most high PM 2.5 concentration episodes. • Secondary formation and aerosol aging played a significant role in enhancing PM 2.5 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121053
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biomass burning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crop residues
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Unsaturated fatty acids
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dicarboxylic acids
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      – SubjectFull: Succinic acid
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      – TitleFull: Characteristics of elevated PM2.5 events driven by enhanced organic compound concentrations in a South Korean residential city.
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              Text: Mar2025
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