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Habitat suitability of common leopard in northern Pakistan.

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Title: Habitat suitability of common leopard in northern Pakistan.
Authors: Akrim, Faraz1 (AUTHOR) faraz.akrim@uokajk.edu.pk, Kellner, Kenneth F.2 (AUTHOR), Mahmood, Tariq3 (AUTHOR), Waseem, Muhammad4 (AUTHOR), Zangi, Imad‐Ul‐Din3 (AUTHOR), Qasim, Siddiqa3 (AUTHOR), Aslam, Asad1 (AUTHOR), Hashmi, Shafqaat Ahmed1 (AUTHOR), Shoukat, Hammad Bin1 (AUTHOR), Raqeeb, Muhammad1 (AUTHOR), Belant, Jerrold L.2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ecosphere. Mar2025, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p1-10. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Fragmented landscapes, *Protected areas, Location data, Leopard, Density
Abstract: Habitat fragmentation and loss are considered primary threats to common leopards (Panthera pardus) across their geographical range. We investigated anthropogenic and environmental factors influencing the habitat suitability of leopards in northern Pakistan using an ensemble model of direct and indirect leopard signs during 2014–2022. Using location data from 206 leopard sightings the ensemble model's performance was good (true skill statistic, TSS = 0.52). Habitat suitability was highest in forest cover and negatively related to the density of settlements and roads. Habitat suitability peaked at intermediate elevations (about 1000–2000 m). Based on the ensemble model, we estimated 4543 km2 of leopard habitat in northern Pakistan, of which 3144 km2 (69%) occurred in six contiguous patches of at least 58 km2 (range = 65–951 km2), the minimum size to support one female leopard. There was one patch of leopard habitat at least 58 km2 within a protected area, and overall, 36% of total protected areas were estimated as suitable. Our findings suggest that the current network of protected areas in northern Pakistan does not adequately represent suitable habitat for leopards; increasing forest cover and expanding the protected area network could improve leopard habitat suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecosphere is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Habitat suitability of common leopard in northern Pakistan.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Akrim%2C+Faraz%22">Akrim, Faraz</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> faraz.akrim@uokajk.edu.pk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kellner%2C+Kenneth+F%2E%22">Kellner, Kenneth F.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mahmood%2C+Tariq%22">Mahmood, Tariq</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Waseem%2C+Muhammad%22">Waseem, Muhammad</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zangi%2C+Imad‐Ul‐Din%22">Zangi, Imad‐Ul‐Din</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Qasim%2C+Siddiqa%22">Qasim, Siddiqa</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aslam%2C+Asad%22">Aslam, Asad</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hashmi%2C+Shafqaat+Ahmed%22">Hashmi, Shafqaat Ahmed</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shoukat%2C+Hammad+Bin%22">Shoukat, Hammad Bin</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Raqeeb%2C+Muhammad%22">Raqeeb, Muhammad</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Belant%2C+Jerrold+L%2E%22">Belant, Jerrold L.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecosphere%22">Ecosphere</searchLink>. Mar2025, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p1-10. 10p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fragmented+landscapes%22">Fragmented landscapes</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Protected+areas%22">Protected areas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Location+data%22">Location data</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Leopard%22">Leopard</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Density%22">Density</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Habitat fragmentation and loss are considered primary threats to common leopards (Panthera pardus) across their geographical range. We investigated anthropogenic and environmental factors influencing the habitat suitability of leopards in northern Pakistan using an ensemble model of direct and indirect leopard signs during 2014–2022. Using location data from 206 leopard sightings the ensemble model's performance was good (true skill statistic, TSS = 0.52). Habitat suitability was highest in forest cover and negatively related to the density of settlements and roads. Habitat suitability peaked at intermediate elevations (about 1000–2000 m). Based on the ensemble model, we estimated 4543 km2 of leopard habitat in northern Pakistan, of which 3144 km2 (69%) occurred in six contiguous patches of at least 58 km2 (range = 65–951 km2), the minimum size to support one female leopard. There was one patch of leopard habitat at least 58 km2 within a protected area, and overall, 36% of total protected areas were estimated as suitable. Our findings suggest that the current network of protected areas in northern Pakistan does not adequately represent suitable habitat for leopards; increasing forest cover and expanding the protected area network could improve leopard habitat suitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecosphere is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/ecs2.70218
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fragmented landscapes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Protected areas
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Location data
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Leopard
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Density
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Habitat suitability of common leopard in northern Pakistan.
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              M: 03
              Text: Mar2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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