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Direct sun total NO2 column measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece with two DOAS systems and comparisons with S5P/TROPOMI.

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Title: Direct sun total NO2 column measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece with two DOAS systems and comparisons with S5P/TROPOMI.
Authors: Nikolis, Dimitrios1 (AUTHOR) dnikolis@auth.gr, Bais, Alkiviadis1 (AUTHOR), Karagkiozidis, Dimitris1 (AUTHOR), Koukouli, Maria-Elissavet1 (AUTHOR), Balis, Dimitris1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Atmospheric Environment. Jul2025, Vol. 352, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Environmental sciences, Atmospheric physics, Optical spectroscopy, Light absorption, Statistical correlation
Abstract: Multiple Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments have been operating in the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LAP), Thessaloniki, Greece over a decade to monitor trace gases in the troposphere. In this work, we present methodology, applied for the first time in LAP for retrieving total NO 2 columns in the atmosphere by applying the Direct Sun DOAS technique (DS-DOAS) on solar direct radiance spectra acquired with a research grade MAX-DOAS system, Delta. For the retrieval of total NO 2 two spectral fitting methods were tested using cross sections of NO 2 at two different temperatures for the tropospheric and the stratospheric component. The method that is based on concurrent spectral DOAS fittings with NO 2 cross sections at two temperatures (294 K and 220 K) (2T method) produces results of better quality as compared to the method using NO 2 cross section at one 254.5 K (1T method), with latter underestimating the total NO 2 vertical column density by up to 15%. This was verified by the good agreement (correlation coefficient R = 0.973) against the total NO 2 columns measured by an independently calibrated collocated Pandora system. Finally, the total NO 2 columns derived from the Delta instrument were compared with collocated observations by S5P/TROPOMI, showing an underestimation of the latter by up to 40% for days with high NO 2 concentrations, while the agreement is better under low NO 2 conditions. The overall agreement between the satellite and Delta system observations is characterized by a correlation coefficient of 0.82 and a mean bias of −2.63 ± 2.75 Pmolec/cm2. • Cross sections at 294 K and 220 K are used for the DOAS retrieval of total NO 2 column from direct-sun spectra. • The retrieval methodology was evaluated by comparison to a collocated Pandora system with a mean difference of −3%. • Based on two years of observations, the TROPOMI onboard the S-5P satellite underestimates the total NO 2 column by 21%. • The total NO 2 column at Thessaloniki has a distinct annual course (higher levels in winter) ranging from 3 to 35 Pmolec/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Direct sun total NO2 column measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece with two DOAS systems and comparisons with S5P/TROPOMI.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Nikolis%2C+Dimitrios%22">Nikolis, Dimitrios</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> dnikolis@auth.gr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bais%2C+Alkiviadis%22">Bais, Alkiviadis</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Karagkiozidis%2C+Dimitris%22">Karagkiozidis, Dimitris</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koukouli%2C+Maria-Elissavet%22">Koukouli, Maria-Elissavet</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Balis%2C+Dimitris%22">Balis, Dimitris</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Atmospheric+Environment%22">Atmospheric Environment</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 352, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+sciences%22">Environmental sciences</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+physics%22">Atmospheric physics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Optical+spectroscopy%22">Optical spectroscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Light+absorption%22">Light absorption</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Statistical+correlation%22">Statistical correlation</searchLink>
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  Data: Multiple Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments have been operating in the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LAP), Thessaloniki, Greece over a decade to monitor trace gases in the troposphere. In this work, we present methodology, applied for the first time in LAP for retrieving total NO 2 columns in the atmosphere by applying the Direct Sun DOAS technique (DS-DOAS) on solar direct radiance spectra acquired with a research grade MAX-DOAS system, Delta. For the retrieval of total NO 2 two spectral fitting methods were tested using cross sections of NO 2 at two different temperatures for the tropospheric and the stratospheric component. The method that is based on concurrent spectral DOAS fittings with NO 2 cross sections at two temperatures (294 K and 220 K) (2T method) produces results of better quality as compared to the method using NO 2 cross section at one 254.5 K (1T method), with latter underestimating the total NO 2 vertical column density by up to 15%. This was verified by the good agreement (correlation coefficient R = 0.973) against the total NO 2 columns measured by an independently calibrated collocated Pandora system. Finally, the total NO 2 columns derived from the Delta instrument were compared with collocated observations by S5P/TROPOMI, showing an underestimation of the latter by up to 40% for days with high NO 2 concentrations, while the agreement is better under low NO 2 conditions. The overall agreement between the satellite and Delta system observations is characterized by a correlation coefficient of 0.82 and a mean bias of −2.63 ± 2.75 Pmolec/cm2. • Cross sections at 294 K and 220 K are used for the DOAS retrieval of total NO 2 column from direct-sun spectra. • The retrieval methodology was evaluated by comparison to a collocated Pandora system with a mean difference of −3%. • Based on two years of observations, the TROPOMI onboard the S-5P satellite underestimates the total NO 2 column by 21%. • The total NO 2 column at Thessaloniki has a distinct annual course (higher levels in winter) ranging from 3 to 35 Pmolec/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121161
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
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      – SubjectFull: Environmental sciences
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric physics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Optical spectroscopy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Light absorption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Statistical correlation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Direct sun total NO2 column measurements at Thessaloniki, Greece with two DOAS systems and comparisons with S5P/TROPOMI.
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            NameFull: Nikolis, Dimitrios
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            NameFull: Bais, Alkiviadis
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            NameFull: Koukouli, Maria-Elissavet
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: Jul2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 352
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