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The fate of heavy metals and metalloids in plant systems – a comprehensive review.

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Title: The fate of heavy metals and metalloids in plant systems – a comprehensive review.
Authors: Balagopal, Anupama1 (AUTHOR), Alva, Anushka1 (AUTHOR), K Chandrasekhar, Harsha1 (AUTHOR), Thorat, Sachin Ashok1 (AUTHOR), Kaniyassery, Arya1 (AUTHOR), Koley, Apurba2 (AUTHOR), Balachandran, Srinivasan2 (AUTHOR), Govender, Nisha3 (AUTHOR), Muthusamy, Annamalai1 (AUTHOR) a.msamy@manipal.edu
Source: Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2025, Vol. 107 Issue 6, p1114-1170. 57p.
Subject Terms: *Organic compounds, Plant exudates, Calvin cycle, Ion mobility, Plant adaptation
Abstract: Heavy metals/metalloids are highly poisonous, non-degradable components that accumulate in the environment, challenging plant growth and biodiversity. They downregulate photosynthesis by disrupting pigment biosynthesis, photosynthetic electron transport, stomatal function, and inhibiting Calvin cycle enzymes, decreasing sugar biosynthesis. Understanding plant stress responses and tolerance, including photosynthetic impact, is fundamental to risk assessment and breeding tolerant cultivars. Plants have evolved coping mechanisms, including expression of defense genes and protective compounds like phytochelatins, glutathione, metallothioneins, and antioxidants, which help in sequestration, transport, compartmentalization and detoxification. Plant chelators and hormones are key markers of oxidative stress tolerance. Genetic and metabolic changes drive detoxification in monocots and dicots. Root exudates play a vital role in dicots, which secrete organic acids like citrate and malate to detoxify metals in the rhizosphere, while monocots secrete phytosiderophores to chelate metals/metalloids. Plants utilize compartmentalization and accumulation to reduce metal ion mobility. Although metal/metalloid toxicity is well-documented, systematic analysis on uptake, compartmentalization, and detoxification in both plant types is lacking. This review provides a complete understanding of these processes, investigates the physio-biochemical, molecular and metabolic responses, and includes bibliometric analysis identifying research trends, publication patterns, country-specific contributions, facilitating phytoremediation strategy development through deeper understanding of plant adaptation to metal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The fate of heavy metals and metalloids in plant systems – a comprehensive review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Balagopal%2C+Anupama%22">Balagopal, Anupama</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alva%2C+Anushka%22">Alva, Anushka</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22K+Chandrasekhar%2C+Harsha%22">K Chandrasekhar, Harsha</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Thorat%2C+Sachin+Ashok%22">Thorat, Sachin Ashok</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kaniyassery%2C+Arya%22">Kaniyassery, Arya</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Koley%2C+Apurba%22">Koley, Apurba</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Balachandran%2C+Srinivasan%22">Balachandran, Srinivasan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Govender%2C+Nisha%22">Govender, Nisha</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Muthusamy%2C+Annamalai%22">Muthusamy, Annamalai</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> a.msamy@manipal.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Toxicological+%26+Environmental+Chemistry%22">Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry</searchLink>. 2025, Vol. 107 Issue 6, p1114-1170. 57p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Organic+compounds%22">Organic compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+exudates%22">Plant exudates</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calvin+cycle%22">Calvin cycle</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ion+mobility%22">Ion mobility</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Plant+adaptation%22">Plant adaptation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Heavy metals/metalloids are highly poisonous, non-degradable components that accumulate in the environment, challenging plant growth and biodiversity. They downregulate photosynthesis by disrupting pigment biosynthesis, photosynthetic electron transport, stomatal function, and inhibiting Calvin cycle enzymes, decreasing sugar biosynthesis. Understanding plant stress responses and tolerance, including photosynthetic impact, is fundamental to risk assessment and breeding tolerant cultivars. Plants have evolved coping mechanisms, including expression of defense genes and protective compounds like phytochelatins, glutathione, metallothioneins, and antioxidants, which help in sequestration, transport, compartmentalization and detoxification. Plant chelators and hormones are key markers of oxidative stress tolerance. Genetic and metabolic changes drive detoxification in monocots and dicots. Root exudates play a vital role in dicots, which secrete organic acids like citrate and malate to detoxify metals in the rhizosphere, while monocots secrete phytosiderophores to chelate metals/metalloids. Plants utilize compartmentalization and accumulation to reduce metal ion mobility. Although metal/metalloid toxicity is well-documented, systematic analysis on uptake, compartmentalization, and detoxification in both plant types is lacking. This review provides a complete understanding of these processes, investigates the physio-biochemical, molecular and metabolic responses, and includes bibliometric analysis identifying research trends, publication patterns, country-specific contributions, facilitating phytoremediation strategy development through deeper understanding of plant adaptation to metal stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1080/02772248.2025.2515403
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 57
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant exudates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calvin cycle
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      – SubjectFull: Ion mobility
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      – SubjectFull: Plant adaptation
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: 2025
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