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Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.

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Title: Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.
Authors: Dupuy, Montana1 (AUTHOR), Bondonno, Nicola P.1,2 (AUTHOR), Pokharel, Pratik1,2 (AUTHOR), Linneberg, Allan3,4 (AUTHOR), Levinger, Itamar5 (AUTHOR), Schultz, Carl6,7 (AUTHOR), Hodgson, Jonathan M.1,7,8 (AUTHOR), Sim, Marc1,7,8 (AUTHOR) marc.sim@ecu.edu.au
Source: Food Science & Nutrition. Jun2025, Vol. 13 Issue 6, p1-19. 19p.
Subject Terms: Vitamin K, Vitamin K2, Bone health, Type 2 diabetes, Animal products
Abstract: Vitamin K refers to a group of lipid‐soluble vitamins that exist in two natural isoforms; phylloquinone (PK, vitamin K1) and menaquinones (MKs, vitamin K2). Phylloquinone, the primary dietary source, is found abundantly in green vegetables and plant oils. Menaquinones (MK‐4 through MK‐13) are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and may be obtained through the diet from fermented foods and animal products (e.g., meats, dairy and eggs). Originally recognized for its role in blood coagulation, vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the posttranslational carboxylation of vitamin K‐dependent proteins (VKDPs), which are implicated in various physiological processes including; blood coagulation, calcium homeostasis, as well as metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Therefore, vitamin K has attracted considerable research interest for its potential implications in several diseases. While promising, the specific roles of vitamin K in various health conditions, the quantity of vitamin K (both PK and MKs) required for the function of various VKDPs, and the influence of genetics on vitamin K metabolism, remain unclear. This review aims to (i) provide an overview of the structure, dietary sources, metabolism, and physiological roles of vitamin K, including those relating to; cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, respiratory conditions, musculoskeletal health and cancer; (ii) discuss the impact of genetic factors on vitamin K status and how such factors modulate the role of vitamin K in the aforementioned chronic diseases; and (iii) outline key directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Food Science & Nutrition is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dupuy%2C+Montana%22">Dupuy, Montana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bondonno%2C+Nicola+P%2E%22">Bondonno, Nicola P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pokharel%2C+Pratik%22">Pokharel, Pratik</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Linneberg%2C+Allan%22">Linneberg, Allan</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Levinger%2C+Itamar%22">Levinger, Itamar</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Schultz%2C+Carl%22">Schultz, Carl</searchLink><relatesTo>6,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hodgson%2C+Jonathan+M%2E%22">Hodgson, Jonathan M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,7,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sim%2C+Marc%22">Sim, Marc</searchLink><relatesTo>1,7,8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> marc.sim@ecu.edu.au</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Food+Science+%26+Nutrition%22">Food Science & Nutrition</searchLink>. Jun2025, Vol. 13 Issue 6, p1-19. 19p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vitamin+K%22">Vitamin K</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vitamin+K2%22">Vitamin K2</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bone+health%22">Bone health</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Type+2+diabetes%22">Type 2 diabetes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Animal+products%22">Animal products</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Vitamin K refers to a group of lipid‐soluble vitamins that exist in two natural isoforms; phylloquinone (PK, vitamin K1) and menaquinones (MKs, vitamin K2). Phylloquinone, the primary dietary source, is found abundantly in green vegetables and plant oils. Menaquinones (MK‐4 through MK‐13) are synthesized by anaerobic bacteria and may be obtained through the diet from fermented foods and animal products (e.g., meats, dairy and eggs). Originally recognized for its role in blood coagulation, vitamin K is an essential cofactor for the posttranslational carboxylation of vitamin K‐dependent proteins (VKDPs), which are implicated in various physiological processes including; blood coagulation, calcium homeostasis, as well as metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Therefore, vitamin K has attracted considerable research interest for its potential implications in several diseases. While promising, the specific roles of vitamin K in various health conditions, the quantity of vitamin K (both PK and MKs) required for the function of various VKDPs, and the influence of genetics on vitamin K metabolism, remain unclear. This review aims to (i) provide an overview of the structure, dietary sources, metabolism, and physiological roles of vitamin K, including those relating to; cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, respiratory conditions, musculoskeletal health and cancer; (ii) discuss the impact of genetic factors on vitamin K status and how such factors modulate the role of vitamin K in the aforementioned chronic diseases; and (iii) outline key directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Food Science & Nutrition is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/fsn3.70431
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Vitamin K
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vitamin K2
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bone health
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Type 2 diabetes
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      – SubjectFull: Animal products
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      – TitleFull: Vitamin K: Metabolism, Genetic Influences, and Chronic Disease Outcomes.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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