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Anthropogenic Factors and Social Organisation Drive Picobirnavirus Communities in Wild Rhesus Macaques.

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Title: Anthropogenic Factors and Social Organisation Drive Picobirnavirus Communities in Wild Rhesus Macaques.
Authors: Balasubramaniam, Krishna N.1,2 (AUTHOR) krishna.balasubramaniam@aru.ac.uk, Navarrete‐Macias, Isamara3 (AUTHOR), Islam, Shariful4,5,6 (AUTHOR), Wells, Heather L.3,7 (AUTHOR), Tubbs, Christopher8 (AUTHOR), Randhawa, Nistara9 (AUTHOR), Rostal, Melinda K.5,10 (AUTHOR), Darpel, Karin E.11,12 (AUTHOR), Horton, Daniel13,14 (AUTHOR), Epstein, Jonathan H.5,15 (AUTHOR), Islam, Ariful16 (AUTHOR), Anthony, Simon J.3 (AUTHOR) sjanthony@ucdavis.edu
Source: Ecology & Evolution (20457758). Jul2025, Vol. 15 Issue 7, p1-13. 13p.
Subject Terms: *Anthropogenic effects on nature, *Virus diseases, *Microbial communities, *Animal ecology, *Ecosystems, Viral ecology, Rhesus monkeys, Social groups
Geographic Terms: Bangladesh
Abstract: Biologists are increasingly interested in the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence microbial communities. Yet compared to bacterial communities, our understanding of viral community ecology remains limited. Here, we investigated the factors influencing viral community composition and structure among wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in human‐modified environments in Bangladesh, focusing on assemblages of picobirnaviruses (PbVs) as a model system. We found that anthropogenic factors—particularly human and livestock densities—were the strongest predictors of viral community composition. Host social organisation played a secondary role, shaping viral communities at the group and site levels. Virus–virus associations influenced co‐occurrence patterns primarily within individual hosts, but their effect became less evident at broader scales. In contrast, individual host traits (age, sex and physiological stress) and viral phylogenetic relationships had minimal effects on viral co‐occurrence. Notably, anthropogenic factors had opposing effects on different PbV taxa: While some viruses were more prevalent in areas with higher human and livestock densities, others were less common, possibly due to their association with wildlife or natural environments. This suggests that macaques may acquire certain PbVs from anthropogenic sources while experiencing reduced exposure to others in human‐modified landscapes. Together, these findings reveal the dominant role of environmental and social factors in shaping viral communities and highlight the hierarchical nature of virus community assembly—with different ecological processes operating at individual, group and site scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Anthropogenic Factors and Social Organisation Drive Picobirnavirus Communities in Wild Rhesus Macaques.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Balasubramaniam%2C+Krishna+N%2E%22">Balasubramaniam, Krishna N.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> krishna.balasubramaniam@aru.ac.uk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Navarrete‐Macias%2C+Isamara%22">Navarrete‐Macias, Isamara</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Islam%2C+Shariful%22">Islam, Shariful</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wells%2C+Heather+L%2E%22">Wells, Heather L.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tubbs%2C+Christopher%22">Tubbs, Christopher</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Randhawa%2C+Nistara%22">Randhawa, Nistara</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rostal%2C+Melinda+K%2E%22">Rostal, Melinda K.</searchLink><relatesTo>5,10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Darpel%2C+Karin+E%2E%22">Darpel, Karin E.</searchLink><relatesTo>11,12</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Horton%2C+Daniel%22">Horton, Daniel</searchLink><relatesTo>13,14</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Epstein%2C+Jonathan+H%2E%22">Epstein, Jonathan H.</searchLink><relatesTo>5,15</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Islam%2C+Ariful%22">Islam, Ariful</searchLink><relatesTo>16</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Anthony%2C+Simon+J%2E%22">Anthony, Simon J.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> sjanthony@ucdavis.edu</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecology+%26+Evolution+%2820457758%29%22">Ecology & Evolution (20457758)</searchLink>. Jul2025, Vol. 15 Issue 7, p1-13. 13p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Anthropogenic+effects+on+nature%22">Anthropogenic effects on nature</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Virus+diseases%22">Virus diseases</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microbial+communities%22">Microbial communities</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Animal+ecology%22">Animal ecology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ecosystems%22">Ecosystems</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Viral+ecology%22">Viral ecology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rhesus+monkeys%22">Rhesus monkeys</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Social+groups%22">Social groups</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bangladesh%22">Bangladesh</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Biologists are increasingly interested in the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence microbial communities. Yet compared to bacterial communities, our understanding of viral community ecology remains limited. Here, we investigated the factors influencing viral community composition and structure among wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in human‐modified environments in Bangladesh, focusing on assemblages of picobirnaviruses (PbVs) as a model system. We found that anthropogenic factors—particularly human and livestock densities—were the strongest predictors of viral community composition. Host social organisation played a secondary role, shaping viral communities at the group and site levels. Virus–virus associations influenced co‐occurrence patterns primarily within individual hosts, but their effect became less evident at broader scales. In contrast, individual host traits (age, sex and physiological stress) and viral phylogenetic relationships had minimal effects on viral co‐occurrence. Notably, anthropogenic factors had opposing effects on different PbV taxa: While some viruses were more prevalent in areas with higher human and livestock densities, others were less common, possibly due to their association with wildlife or natural environments. This suggests that macaques may acquire certain PbVs from anthropogenic sources while experiencing reduced exposure to others in human‐modified landscapes. Together, these findings reveal the dominant role of environmental and social factors in shaping viral communities and highlight the hierarchical nature of virus community assembly—with different ecological processes operating at individual, group and site scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/ece3.71727
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 13
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      – SubjectFull: Anthropogenic effects on nature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Virus diseases
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial communities
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      – SubjectFull: Animal ecology
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      – SubjectFull: Ecosystems
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      – SubjectFull: Viral ecology
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      – SubjectFull: Rhesus monkeys
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      – SubjectFull: Bangladesh
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              Text: Jul2025
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