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Super Equatorial Plasma Bubbles and Strong Longitudinal Variability During the 10–11 October 2024 Geomagnetic Storm.

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Title: Super Equatorial Plasma Bubbles and Strong Longitudinal Variability During the 10–11 October 2024 Geomagnetic Storm.
Authors: Aa, Ercha1 (AUTHOR) hu28aercha@gmail.com, Zhang, Shun‐Rong2 (AUTHOR), Coster, Anthea J.2 (AUTHOR), Hairston, Marc R.3 (AUTHOR), Kerr, Robert B.4 (AUTHOR), Souza, Jonas R.5 (AUTHOR), Cai, Xuguang6 (AUTHOR), Luo, Bingxian1 (AUTHOR) luobx@nssc.ac.cn
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics. Aug2025, Vol. 130 Issue 8, p1-16. 16p.
Subject Terms: *Magnetic storms, Ionospheric disturbances, Equatorial ionization anomaly, Remote sensing devices, Electrostatic fields, Spatial variation
Geographic Terms: Atlantic Ocean
Abstract: This paper investigates the characteristics and variability of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over the American‐Atlantic longitude sector during an intense geomagnetic storm on 10–11 October 2024. The study utilizes multi‐instrument data sets from ground‐based observations (Global Navigation Satellite System receivers and a Fabry–Perot Interferometer) and satellite measurements (Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk, Swarm, and DMSP), as well as an equatorial electric field model. The observed EPBs exhibited a significant east‐west longitudinal variability with contrasting behaviors in the American and Atlantic sectors, with the main findings summarized as follows: (a) In the American longitudes west of 60° ${}^{\circ}$W, super EPBs were observed during the main phase after 23:40 UT on October 10, and EPB‐induced plasma depletion extended to the midlatitude ionosphere around ±35° $\pm 35{}^{\circ}$–40° ${}^{\circ}$ geomagnetic latitude. (b) These super EPBs persisted for 12–15 hr throughout the entire local night until sunrise, which exhibited an anomalous westward drift feature due to the penetration of subauroral polarization stream electric field plus induced vertical Hall electric field. (c) In contrast, over the Atlantic longitudes east of 60° ${}^{\circ}$W, the EPBs' activity was largely suppressed after 23:00 UT on October 10, exhibiting substantial differences from that of nearby western longitudes and quiet‐time conditions. Such significant longitudinal variability of EPBs can be attributed to the electrodynamic driver of storm‐time perturbations in the equatorial electric field, which is highly dependent on local‐time sectors with sharp contrast in the dusk and premidnight sectors. Key Points: Storm‐time super equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) occurred in American longitudes, which extended to 35° ${}^{\circ}$–40° ${}^{\circ}$ MLAT and persisted for 12–15 hr throughout the entire nightThe dusktime zonal equatorial electric field increased by 100%–300%, leading to strong upward equatorial plasma drifts of 60–100 m/sEPBs were comparatively inhibited in the Atlantic longitudes, notably different from nearby American longitudes and quiet‐time counterparts [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Super Equatorial Plasma Bubbles and Strong Longitudinal Variability During the 10–11 October 2024 Geomagnetic Storm.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Aa%2C+Ercha%22">Aa, Ercha</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> hu28aercha@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Shun‐Rong%22">Zhang, Shun‐Rong</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Coster%2C+Anthea+J%2E%22">Coster, Anthea J.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hairston%2C+Marc+R%2E%22">Hairston, Marc R.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kerr%2C+Robert+B%2E%22">Kerr, Robert B.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Souza%2C+Jonas+R%2E%22">Souza, Jonas R.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Xuguang%22">Cai, Xuguang</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Luo%2C+Bingxian%22">Luo, Bingxian</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> luobx@nssc.ac.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2E+Space+Physics%22">Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics</searchLink>. Aug2025, Vol. 130 Issue 8, p1-16. 16p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Magnetic+storms%22">Magnetic storms</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionospheric+disturbances%22">Ionospheric disturbances</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Equatorial+ionization+anomaly%22">Equatorial ionization anomaly</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing+devices%22">Remote sensing devices</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrostatic+fields%22">Electrostatic fields</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spatial+variation%22">Spatial variation</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atlantic+Ocean%22">Atlantic Ocean</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This paper investigates the characteristics and variability of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over the American‐Atlantic longitude sector during an intense geomagnetic storm on 10–11 October 2024. The study utilizes multi‐instrument data sets from ground‐based observations (Global Navigation Satellite System receivers and a Fabry–Perot Interferometer) and satellite measurements (Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk, Swarm, and DMSP), as well as an equatorial electric field model. The observed EPBs exhibited a significant east‐west longitudinal variability with contrasting behaviors in the American and Atlantic sectors, with the main findings summarized as follows: (a) In the American longitudes west of 60° ${}^{\circ}$W, super EPBs were observed during the main phase after 23:40 UT on October 10, and EPB‐induced plasma depletion extended to the midlatitude ionosphere around ±35° $\pm 35{}^{\circ}$–40° ${}^{\circ}$ geomagnetic latitude. (b) These super EPBs persisted for 12–15 hr throughout the entire local night until sunrise, which exhibited an anomalous westward drift feature due to the penetration of subauroral polarization stream electric field plus induced vertical Hall electric field. (c) In contrast, over the Atlantic longitudes east of 60° ${}^{\circ}$W, the EPBs' activity was largely suppressed after 23:00 UT on October 10, exhibiting substantial differences from that of nearby western longitudes and quiet‐time conditions. Such significant longitudinal variability of EPBs can be attributed to the electrodynamic driver of storm‐time perturbations in the equatorial electric field, which is highly dependent on local‐time sectors with sharp contrast in the dusk and premidnight sectors. Key Points: Storm‐time super equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) occurred in American longitudes, which extended to 35° ${}^{\circ}$–40° ${}^{\circ}$ MLAT and persisted for 12–15 hr throughout the entire nightThe dusktime zonal equatorial electric field increased by 100%–300%, leading to strong upward equatorial plasma drifts of 60–100 m/sEPBs were comparatively inhibited in the Atlantic longitudes, notably different from nearby American longitudes and quiet‐time counterparts [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=8gh&AN=187572041
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1029/2025JA034224
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic storms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ionospheric disturbances
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Equatorial ionization anomaly
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing devices
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrostatic fields
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spatial variation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atlantic Ocean
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Super Equatorial Plasma Bubbles and Strong Longitudinal Variability During the 10–11 October 2024 Geomagnetic Storm.
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              Text: Aug2025
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