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Measuring Solar Energetic Particles With a CubeSat‐Scale Energetic Particle Telescope: Geant4 Based Design of the REPTile‐3 Instrument.

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Title: Measuring Solar Energetic Particles With a CubeSat‐Scale Energetic Particle Telescope: Geant4 Based Design of the REPTile‐3 Instrument.
Authors: O'Brien, Declan1,2 (AUTHOR) declan.obrien@lasp.colorado.edu, Li, Xinlin1,2 (AUTHOR), Cohen, Christina3 (AUTHOR), Baker, Daniel N.1 (AUTHOR), Li, Gang4 (AUTHOR), Mei, Yang1,2 (AUTHOR), Xiang, Zheng1 (AUTHOR), Zhao, Hong5 (AUTHOR), Brennan, David1,6 (AUTHOR), Martin, Wesley1,2 (AUTHOR), Boyajian, Spencer1 (AUTHOR), Cantilina, Jared1 (AUTHOR), Bauch, Evan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics. Sep2025, Vol. 130 Issue 9, p1-14. 14p.
Subject Terms: *Radiation exposure, Solar energetic particles, CubeSats (Artificial satellites), Monte Carlo method, Solid state detectors, Sun, Nuclear counters, Interplanetary medium
Geographic Terms: United Arab Emirates
Abstract: Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are present during increased solar activity, often associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Measuring and understanding these particles is important both for fundamental solar physics knowledge as well as the determination of radiation risks in interplanetary space. Solid‐state particle telescopes are a useful tool to measure these particles. The Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2 (REPTile‐2) was a solid‐state energetic particle telescope that flew onboard the Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) and demonstrated a capability to measure electrons from 0.25 to 6 MeV and protons from 7 to 100 MeV with high energy and time resolution. REPTile‐2 operated in a low‐Earth orbit (LEO) and primarily measured radiation belt particles but was also able to measure SEPs during high‐latitude passes. Because of REPTile‐2's solid performance and its CubeSat‐scale size, weight, and power, an opportunity arose to fly a modified REPTile‐2, dubbed REPTile‐3, on the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (EMA). In this paper, Geometry and tracking 4 (Geant4) Monte Carlo simulations are used to motivate changes to improve REPTile‐3's ability to measure SEPs. Additionally, full instrument response functions and estimated count rates are used to understand the instrument's response to SEP fluxes. REPTile‐3 is shown to be able to measure 1.2–35 MeV protons with ΔE/E < 9%, 35–100 MeV protons with ΔE/E < 50%, 0.1–5 MeV electrons with ΔE/E < 14%, 18–131 MeV helium ions with ΔE/E < 7%, and 131–200 MeV helium ions with ΔE/E < 50% with a 102° field of view (FOV). Plain Language Summary: Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are highly energetic charged particles present during increased solar activity, often associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Measuring and understanding these particles is important for fundamental solar physics knowledge. Because these particles are so energetic, they pose a radiation risk to both humans and uncrewed spacecraft beyond low‐Earth orbit. Solid‐state particle telescopes use silicon wafers to measure the energy deposited by energetic particles and are a useful tool to measure these particles. The Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2 (REPTile‐2) was a solid‐state energetic particle telescope that flew onboard the Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) CubeSat and measured electrons and protons with high energy and time resolution. REPTile‐2 operated in a low‐Earth orbit (LEO) and primarily measured particles trapped in the Earth's magnetic field but was also able to measure SEPs. Because of REPTile‐2's solid performance and its CubeSat‐scale size, weight, and power, a modified REPTile‐2, dubbed REPTile‐3, was selected to fly on the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (EMA) to measure SEPs in interplanetary space. In this paper, simulations reproducing SEP particle environments are used to motivate changes to improve REPTile‐3's ability to measure SEPs. Key Points: REPTile‐3 is a CubeSat‐scale solar energetic particle telescope to be flown on the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid BeltREPTile‐3 is based on a modified REPTile‐2 instrument which successfully measured energetic particle fluxes in a low‐Earth orbitGeant4 simulations have been used to improve REPTile‐3's design to better measure SEP fluxes in interplanetary space [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Measuring Solar Energetic Particles With a CubeSat‐Scale Energetic Particle Telescope: Geant4 Based Design of the REPTile‐3 Instrument.
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  Data: Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are present during increased solar activity, often associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Measuring and understanding these particles is important both for fundamental solar physics knowledge as well as the determination of radiation risks in interplanetary space. Solid‐state particle telescopes are a useful tool to measure these particles. The Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2 (REPTile‐2) was a solid‐state energetic particle telescope that flew onboard the Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) and demonstrated a capability to measure electrons from 0.25 to 6 MeV and protons from 7 to 100 MeV with high energy and time resolution. REPTile‐2 operated in a low‐Earth orbit (LEO) and primarily measured radiation belt particles but was also able to measure SEPs during high‐latitude passes. Because of REPTile‐2&#39;s solid performance and its CubeSat‐scale size, weight, and power, an opportunity arose to fly a modified REPTile‐2, dubbed REPTile‐3, on the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (EMA). In this paper, Geometry and tracking 4 (Geant4) Monte Carlo simulations are used to motivate changes to improve REPTile‐3&#39;s ability to measure SEPs. Additionally, full instrument response functions and estimated count rates are used to understand the instrument&#39;s response to SEP fluxes. REPTile‐3 is shown to be able to measure 1.2–35 MeV protons with ΔE/E &lt; 9%, 35–100 MeV protons with ΔE/E &lt; 50%, 0.1–5 MeV electrons with ΔE/E &lt; 14%, 18–131 MeV helium ions with ΔE/E &lt; 7%, and 131–200 MeV helium ions with ΔE/E &lt; 50% with a 102&#176; field of view (FOV). Plain Language Summary: Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are highly energetic charged particles present during increased solar activity, often associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Measuring and understanding these particles is important for fundamental solar physics knowledge. Because these particles are so energetic, they pose a radiation risk to both humans and uncrewed spacecraft beyond low‐Earth orbit. Solid‐state particle telescopes use silicon wafers to measure the energy deposited by energetic particles and are a useful tool to measure these particles. The Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2 (REPTile‐2) was a solid‐state energetic particle telescope that flew onboard the Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) CubeSat and measured electrons and protons with high energy and time resolution. REPTile‐2 operated in a low‐Earth orbit (LEO) and primarily measured particles trapped in the Earth&#39;s magnetic field but was also able to measure SEPs. Because of REPTile‐2&#39;s solid performance and its CubeSat‐scale size, weight, and power, a modified REPTile‐2, dubbed REPTile‐3, was selected to fly on the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid Belt (EMA) to measure SEPs in interplanetary space. In this paper, simulations reproducing SEP particle environments are used to motivate changes to improve REPTile‐3&#39;s ability to measure SEPs. Key Points: REPTile‐3 is a CubeSat‐scale solar energetic particle telescope to be flown on the Emirates Mission to the Asteroid BeltREPTile‐3 is based on a modified REPTile‐2 instrument which successfully measured energetic particle fluxes in a low‐Earth orbitGeant4 simulations have been used to improve REPTile‐3&#39;s design to better measure SEP fluxes in interplanetary space [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1029/2025JA033904
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        Text: English
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        PageCount: 14
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Radiation exposure
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solar energetic particles
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      – SubjectFull: CubeSats (Artificial satellites)
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      – SubjectFull: Monte Carlo method
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      – SubjectFull: Solid state detectors
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      – SubjectFull: Sun
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      – SubjectFull: Nuclear counters
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      – SubjectFull: Interplanetary medium
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      – SubjectFull: United Arab Emirates
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      – TitleFull: Measuring Solar Energetic Particles With a CubeSat‐Scale Energetic Particle Telescope: Geant4 Based Design of the REPTile‐3 Instrument.
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              Text: Sep2025
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