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Study of hydrogen stratification phenomena in hydrogen-blended natural gas pipelines.

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Title: Study of hydrogen stratification phenomena in hydrogen-blended natural gas pipelines.
Authors: Su, Yue1 (AUTHOR), Li, Jingfa1,2 (AUTHOR) lijingfa@bipt.edu.cn, Yu, Bo2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Xiaofeng3 (AUTHOR), Pu, Ming3 (AUTHOR), Wang, Weiqiang1 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Boxuan1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Renewable Energy: An International Journal. Nov2025, Vol. 253, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Hydrogen, *Natural gas, Mathematical models, Chemical derivatives, Gas dynamics, Thermodynamics, Pipeline transportation
Abstract: The potential re-stratification of uniformly mixed hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) under the influence of gravity during pipeline transportation remains a contentious issue in the industry. This study addresses this issue by considering the extreme condition of a shutdown pipeline. Based on the principle of minimum energy in thermodynamics and by integrating different gas equations of state (EoS) to calculate the Helmholtz free energy and chemical potential, a mathematical model is proposed for describing the concentration distribution of HBNG along the height direction under gravity during pipeline shutdown conditions. Furthermore, a mathematical formula for calculating hydrogen concentration in the gravity direction is derived from the ideal gas EoS, along with an efficient calculation method based on the Peng-Robinson (PR) EoS and the concept of defect correction. The study analyzes the impacts of pipeline elevation differences, hydrogen blending ratios (HBR), and temperatures on the degree of hydrogen stratification. The results indicate that in engineering practice, except for extreme elevation differences or extremely low temperatures, the stratification of hydrogen in HBNG does not need to be considered for the uniformly mixed HBNG. This study theoretically clarifies the current disputes about the stratification phenomenon of HBNG and holds significant implications for the safe transportation of HBNG pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Renewable Energy: An International Journal is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Header DbId: 8gh
DbLabel: GreenFILE
An: 188675544
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Study of hydrogen stratification phenomena in hydrogen-blended natural gas pipelines.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Su%2C+Yue%22">Su, Yue</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Jingfa%22">Li, Jingfa</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> lijingfa@bipt.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+Bo%22">Yu, Bo</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Xiaofeng%22">Wang, Xiaofeng</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pu%2C+Ming%22">Pu, Ming</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Weiqiang%22">Wang, Weiqiang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Boxuan%22">Zhang, Boxuan</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Renewable+Energy%3A+An+International+Journal%22">Renewable Energy: An International Journal</searchLink>. Nov2025, Vol. 253, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hydrogen%22">Hydrogen</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Natural+gas%22">Natural gas</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mathematical+models%22">Mathematical models</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+derivatives%22">Chemical derivatives</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gas+dynamics%22">Gas dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermodynamics%22">Thermodynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Pipeline+transportation%22">Pipeline transportation</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The potential re-stratification of uniformly mixed hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) under the influence of gravity during pipeline transportation remains a contentious issue in the industry. This study addresses this issue by considering the extreme condition of a shutdown pipeline. Based on the principle of minimum energy in thermodynamics and by integrating different gas equations of state (EoS) to calculate the Helmholtz free energy and chemical potential, a mathematical model is proposed for describing the concentration distribution of HBNG along the height direction under gravity during pipeline shutdown conditions. Furthermore, a mathematical formula for calculating hydrogen concentration in the gravity direction is derived from the ideal gas EoS, along with an efficient calculation method based on the Peng-Robinson (PR) EoS and the concept of defect correction. The study analyzes the impacts of pipeline elevation differences, hydrogen blending ratios (HBR), and temperatures on the degree of hydrogen stratification. The results indicate that in engineering practice, except for extreme elevation differences or extremely low temperatures, the stratification of hydrogen in HBNG does not need to be considered for the uniformly mixed HBNG. This study theoretically clarifies the current disputes about the stratification phenomenon of HBNG and holds significant implications for the safe transportation of HBNG pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Renewable Energy: An International Journal is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.renene.2025.123603
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
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      – SubjectFull: Hydrogen
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Natural gas
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      – SubjectFull: Mathematical models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical derivatives
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      – SubjectFull: Gas dynamics
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      – SubjectFull: Thermodynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pipeline transportation
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Study of hydrogen stratification phenomena in hydrogen-blended natural gas pipelines.
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            NameFull: Su, Yue
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            NameFull: Li, Jingfa
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            NameFull: Yu, Bo
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            NameFull: Wang, Xiaofeng
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            NameFull: Pu, Ming
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            NameFull: Wang, Weiqiang
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 11
              Text: Nov2025
              Type: published
              Y: 2025
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              Value: 253
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            – TitleFull: Renewable Energy: An International Journal
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