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Dynamic Test Particle Simulations of X‐Ray Emissions at Dayside Magnetopause Under Time‐Varying Solar Wind Conditions.

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Bibliographic Details
Title: Dynamic Test Particle Simulations of X‐Ray Emissions at Dayside Magnetopause Under Time‐Varying Solar Wind Conditions.
Authors: Xu, Qiuyu1 (AUTHOR) qiuyu.xu@latmos.ipsl.fr, Koutroumpa, Dimitra1 (AUTHOR), Modolo, Ronan1 (AUTHOR), Tang, Binbin2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics. Dec2025, Vol. 130 Issue 12, p1-15. 15p.
Subject Terms: X-rays, Magnetopause, Particle dynamics, Solar wind, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract: The Latmos Test Particle (LaTeP) model is a steady‐state test particle code to investigate the solar wind charge exchange soft X‐ray emissions of the steady‐state Earth magnetosphere. In this study, we present the development of a new dynamic version (D‐LaTeP) extending the LaTeP model to adapt to time‐varying solar wind conditions. To test and validate the D‐LaTeP model, we simulate X‐ray emissions using E & B input from the Magnetohydrodynamics model with 1‐min resolution for a real‐time Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) southward turning event and a dynamic pressure enhancement event. The model can simulate the temporal evolution of X‐ray emissions near magnetopause under both variations in magnetic field and dynamic pressure, and mimics the relative motion of the boundary, indicating its robustness under time‐varying solar wind conditions. In order to provide observation‐like conditions for future comparisons with X‐ray imaging missions (e.g., Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer, Lunar Environment Heliospheric X‑ray Imager), we calculate the 5‐min and 10‐min average of the intensity maps, which are obtained from virtual ideal imagers. The 5‐min and 10‐min averaged intensity maps reveal clear motions of the magnetopause and cusps, suggesting in principle the capability of the imaging missions to detect the evolution of the magnetosphere under ideal observing conditions. Plain Language Summary: The LATMOS Test Particle (LaTeP) model can simulate the X‐ray emission under steady‐state solar wind conditions. In this study, we develop a new dynamic version D‐LaTeP model to apply to time‐varying solar wind conditions. To test and validate the model, we perform D‐LaTeP simulations under real‐time IMF southward turning event and a dynamic pressure enhancement event. The results indicate that the model can display the evolution of X‐ray emissions near the magnetosphere for both cases, indicating its robustness under time‐varying solar wind conditions. To compare observations from X‐ray imaging missions like Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer and Lunar Environment Heliospheric X‑ray Imager with our results, we averaged the simulated X‐ray images over 5 and 10 min. These averaged images clearly show the movement of the magnetopause and cusps, indicating that X‐ray missions with similar exposure times could in principle capture these temporal variations effectively under ideal observing conditions. Key Points: New 3D global dynamic test‐particle model is developed to simulate X‐ray emissions under time‐varying solar wind conditionsThe D‐LaTeP model has been tested under a real‐time Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) southward turning event and a dynamic pressure enhancement eventTime‐averaged intensity maps imply that imaging missions could in principle capture magnetospheric dynamics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Abstract:The Latmos Test Particle (LaTeP) model is a steady‐state test particle code to investigate the solar wind charge exchange soft X‐ray emissions of the steady‐state Earth magnetosphere. In this study, we present the development of a new dynamic version (D‐LaTeP) extending the LaTeP model to adapt to time‐varying solar wind conditions. To test and validate the D‐LaTeP model, we simulate X‐ray emissions using E & B input from the Magnetohydrodynamics model with 1‐min resolution for a real‐time Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) southward turning event and a dynamic pressure enhancement event. The model can simulate the temporal evolution of X‐ray emissions near magnetopause under both variations in magnetic field and dynamic pressure, and mimics the relative motion of the boundary, indicating its robustness under time‐varying solar wind conditions. In order to provide observation‐like conditions for future comparisons with X‐ray imaging missions (e.g., Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer, Lunar Environment Heliospheric X‑ray Imager), we calculate the 5‐min and 10‐min average of the intensity maps, which are obtained from virtual ideal imagers. The 5‐min and 10‐min averaged intensity maps reveal clear motions of the magnetopause and cusps, suggesting in principle the capability of the imaging missions to detect the evolution of the magnetosphere under ideal observing conditions. Plain Language Summary: The LATMOS Test Particle (LaTeP) model can simulate the X‐ray emission under steady‐state solar wind conditions. In this study, we develop a new dynamic version D‐LaTeP model to apply to time‐varying solar wind conditions. To test and validate the model, we perform D‐LaTeP simulations under real‐time IMF southward turning event and a dynamic pressure enhancement event. The results indicate that the model can display the evolution of X‐ray emissions near the magnetosphere for both cases, indicating its robustness under time‐varying solar wind conditions. To compare observations from X‐ray imaging missions like Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer and Lunar Environment Heliospheric X‑ray Imager with our results, we averaged the simulated X‐ray images over 5 and 10 min. These averaged images clearly show the movement of the magnetopause and cusps, indicating that X‐ray missions with similar exposure times could in principle capture these temporal variations effectively under ideal observing conditions. Key Points: New 3D global dynamic test‐particle model is developed to simulate X‐ray emissions under time‐varying solar wind conditionsThe D‐LaTeP model has been tested under a real‐time Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) southward turning event and a dynamic pressure enhancement eventTime‐averaged intensity maps imply that imaging missions could in principle capture magnetospheric dynamics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
ISSN:21699380
DOI:10.1029/2025JA034416