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α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Citrus reticulata Peel‐Derived Flavonoids—A Prelude for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes.

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Title: α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Citrus reticulata Peel‐Derived Flavonoids—A Prelude for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes.
Authors: Baloyi, Itumeleng T.1 (AUTHOR) u18372882@tuks.co.za, Rabbad, Ali H.1 (AUTHOR), Gama, Ntombenhle H.1 (AUTHOR), Malgas, Samkelo1 (AUTHOR) samkelo.malgas@up.ac.za
Source: Food Science & Nutrition. Feb2026, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p1-12. 12p.
Subject Terms: Glucosidase inhibitors, Flavonoids, Mandarin orange, Molecular docking, Alpha-amylase, Type 2 diabetes, Enzyme inhibitors, In vitro toxicity testing
Abstract: α‐Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are compounds used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) by preventing the breakdown of dietary starch into monosaccharides, which reduces their absorption by the body and lowers blood glucose levels. AGIs often cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and flatulence due to excessive α‐amylase inhibition, leading to excess residual starch reaching the colon and being fermented by microbes. There is a need to prospect for novel AGIs that are effective and have fewer adverse effects. This study investigated the potential of citrus‐derived flavonoids as AGIs targeting amylolytic enzymes: α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Firstly, flavonoids were extracted from Citrus reticulata (tangerines) peels using an ultrasound‐assisted methanolic procedure, followed by C18 column‐purification and profiling with liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Select citrus peel‐derived flavonoids, quercetin (−9.2 kcal/mol) and rutin (−10.8 kcal/mol), and the commercial AGI, acarbose (−8.7 kcal/mol), showed strong binding affinities against α‐glucosidase. Molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds were also assessed, revealing flexibility and stability in response to ligand interactions with the α‐glucosidase. The in silico data correlated positively with the results from the in vitro inhibition assays; acarbose (Ki = 0.14 mg/mL), quercetin (Ki = 0.12 mg/mL) and rutin (Ki = 0.19 mg/mL) recorded low inhibition constant values. The cytotoxicity profile of the selected compounds was also conducted on Caco‐2 cells, with flavonoids showing no significant cytotoxic effects. Flavonoids could be used as AGIs with minimal gastrointestinal impacts, reducing residual starch entering the colon and decreasing glucose uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Food Science & Nutrition is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Citrus reticulata Peel‐Derived Flavonoids—A Prelude for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Baloyi%2C+Itumeleng+T%2E%22">Baloyi, Itumeleng T.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> u18372882@tuks.co.za</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rabbad%2C+Ali+H%2E%22">Rabbad, Ali H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gama%2C+Ntombenhle+H%2E%22">Gama, Ntombenhle H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Malgas%2C+Samkelo%22">Malgas, Samkelo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> samkelo.malgas@up.ac.za</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Food+Science+%26+Nutrition%22">Food Science & Nutrition</searchLink>. Feb2026, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p1-12. 12p.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: α‐Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are compounds used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) by preventing the breakdown of dietary starch into monosaccharides, which reduces their absorption by the body and lowers blood glucose levels. AGIs often cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and flatulence due to excessive α‐amylase inhibition, leading to excess residual starch reaching the colon and being fermented by microbes. There is a need to prospect for novel AGIs that are effective and have fewer adverse effects. This study investigated the potential of citrus‐derived flavonoids as AGIs targeting amylolytic enzymes: α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Firstly, flavonoids were extracted from Citrus reticulata (tangerines) peels using an ultrasound‐assisted methanolic procedure, followed by C18 column‐purification and profiling with liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Select citrus peel‐derived flavonoids, quercetin (−9.2 kcal/mol) and rutin (−10.8 kcal/mol), and the commercial AGI, acarbose (−8.7 kcal/mol), showed strong binding affinities against α‐glucosidase. Molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds were also assessed, revealing flexibility and stability in response to ligand interactions with the α‐glucosidase. The in silico data correlated positively with the results from the in vitro inhibition assays; acarbose (Ki = 0.14 mg/mL), quercetin (Ki = 0.12 mg/mL) and rutin (Ki = 0.19 mg/mL) recorded low inhibition constant values. The cytotoxicity profile of the selected compounds was also conducted on Caco‐2 cells, with flavonoids showing no significant cytotoxic effects. Flavonoids could be used as AGIs with minimal gastrointestinal impacts, reducing residual starch entering the colon and decreasing glucose uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Food Science & Nutrition is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1002/fsn3.71499
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 12
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      – SubjectFull: Glucosidase inhibitors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flavonoids
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      – SubjectFull: Mandarin orange
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      – SubjectFull: Molecular docking
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      – SubjectFull: Alpha-amylase
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Type 2 diabetes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Enzyme inhibitors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: In vitro toxicity testing
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: α‐Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Citrus reticulata Peel‐Derived Flavonoids—A Prelude for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes.
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            NameFull: Baloyi, Itumeleng T.
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            NameFull: Rabbad, Ali H.
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              Text: Feb2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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