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Impacts and influencing pathways of urbanization on carbon–water-energy-food nexus across Chinese cities.

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Title: Impacts and influencing pathways of urbanization on carbon–water-energy-food nexus across Chinese cities.
Authors: Li, Chenggang1,2 (AUTHOR), Liu, Yong1 (AUTHOR), Xu, Zhenci3,4 (AUTHOR) xuzhenci@hku.hk, Zhao, Gang1 (AUTHOR), Bao, Youhui1 (AUTHOR), Cai, Chengcheng5 (AUTHOR), Lu, Yu6 (AUTHOR), Mao, Yufeng1 (AUTHOR), Wang, Alexander Boxuan7 (AUTHOR), Wu, Liang8 (AUTHOR)
Source: Environment, Development & Sustainability. Mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p5767-5793. 27p.
Subject Terms: *Cities & towns, *Sustainable urban development, Urbanization, Technological progress, Panel analysis, System dynamics
Geographic Terms: China
Abstract: Food, water, energy and carbon (F-W-E-C), as important factors of urban development, have synergistic effects and trade-off effects with each other. Scientifically assessing the impact of urbanization on the F-W-E-C nexus is beneficial to optimize the urban development layout and achieve the sustainable urban development. Nevertheless, extant studies have not evaluated the impact and influencing pathways of urbanization on the F-W-E-C nexus. In this study, the Coupling Coordination Degree Model is used to explore the F-W-E-C nexus of 252 prefecture-level cities in China. The panel data model and mediating effect model are utilized to study the impact of urbanization on the F-W-E-C nexus and the impact pathways. This study finds that the F-W-E-C nexus across Chinese cities is weak trade-off. The urbanization promotes the synergy of F-W-E-C. The positive impact is greater in the central cities than in the eastern and western cities, and is greater in medium-sized cities than in small cities, large cities and above. The technological progress is an important pathway of urbanization impacting the F-W-E-C nexus, and assists urbanization to generate a positive influence on the F-W-E-C nexus. This research has implications for promoting a systematic, orderly, and rational coordination development of F-W-E-C and for sustainable urbanization development in China and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environment, Development & Sustainability is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Chenggang%22">Li, Chenggang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Liu%2C+Yong%22">Liu, Yong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Zhenci%22">Xu, Zhenci</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xuzhenci@hku.hk</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhao%2C+Gang%22">Zhao, Gang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bao%2C+Youhui%22">Bao, Youhui</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cai%2C+Chengcheng%22">Cai, Chengcheng</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lu%2C+Yu%22">Lu, Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mao%2C+Yufeng%22">Mao, Yufeng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wang%2C+Alexander+Boxuan%22">Wang, Alexander Boxuan</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Wu%2C+Liang%22">Wu, Liang</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environment%2C+Development+%26+Sustainability%22">Environment, Development & Sustainability</searchLink>. Mar2026, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p5767-5793. 27p.
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  Data: Food, water, energy and carbon (F-W-E-C), as important factors of urban development, have synergistic effects and trade-off effects with each other. Scientifically assessing the impact of urbanization on the F-W-E-C nexus is beneficial to optimize the urban development layout and achieve the sustainable urban development. Nevertheless, extant studies have not evaluated the impact and influencing pathways of urbanization on the F-W-E-C nexus. In this study, the Coupling Coordination Degree Model is used to explore the F-W-E-C nexus of 252 prefecture-level cities in China. The panel data model and mediating effect model are utilized to study the impact of urbanization on the F-W-E-C nexus and the impact pathways. This study finds that the F-W-E-C nexus across Chinese cities is weak trade-off. The urbanization promotes the synergy of F-W-E-C. The positive impact is greater in the central cities than in the eastern and western cities, and is greater in medium-sized cities than in small cities, large cities and above. The technological progress is an important pathway of urbanization impacting the F-W-E-C nexus, and assists urbanization to generate a positive influence on the F-W-E-C nexus. This research has implications for promoting a systematic, orderly, and rational coordination development of F-W-E-C and for sustainable urbanization development in China and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Environment, Development & Sustainability is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – SubjectFull: Cities & towns
        Type: general
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              Text: Mar2026
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