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Integrating classical methods and a new viability index to assess shallow ground heat exchange potential: application to the Gioia Tauro coastal plain (Calabria, southern Italy).

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Title: Integrating classical methods and a new viability index to assess shallow ground heat exchange potential: application to the Gioia Tauro coastal plain (Calabria, southern Italy).
Authors: Vespasiano, Giovanni1,2 (AUTHOR), Taussi, Marco1,3 (AUTHOR) marco.taussi@uniurb.it, Russo, Luigi1,4 (AUTHOR), Cianflone, Giuseppe1,2 (AUTHOR), Chemeri, Lorenzo3 (AUTHOR), Fuoco, Ilaria1 (AUTHOR), Bloise, Andrea1 (AUTHOR) andrea.bloise@unical.it, La Russa, Mauro F.1 (AUTHOR), Dominici, Rocco1,2 (AUTHOR), Venturi, Stefania5 (AUTHOR), Cabassi, Jacopo6 (AUTHOR), De Rosa, Rosanna1 (AUTHOR), Guido, Adriano1 (AUTHOR), Renzulli, Alberto3 (AUTHOR), Ciniglia, Federico1 (AUTHOR), Apollaro, Carmine1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Renewable Energy: An International Journal. Aug2026, Vol. 269, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Geothermal resources, *Ground source heat pump systems, *Energy management, *Aquifer pollution, Closed loop systems
Geographic Terms: Calabria (Italy), Italy
Abstract: This study investigates the shallow ground heat exchange capability in the highly industrialized Gioia Tauro Plain (Southern Italy), integrating geological, hydrogeological, thermal, and geochemical data to assess the feasibility of both closed-loop and open-loop systems associated to geothermal heat pumps. For closed-loops the G.POT method was applied, enabling the calculation of extractable thermal energy based on soil properties and climatic conditions. For open-loops a comprehensive analysis was conducted using aquifer transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and geochemical features to identify the most suitable sectors. For the latter systems, a newly developed Geothermal Potential Viability Index was also proposed for a simplified system evaluation. Results show that the north-western sector of the plain has the highest suitability for closed-loop installations, due to high thermal conductivity and shallow water table. In contrast, areas near the Mesima and Budello river mouths exhibit physicochemical limitations for open-loop use, such as calcite oversaturation, high salinity, and elevated trace metal concentrations, which may significantly reduce the efficiency of open-loop systems. This integrated assessment provides a robust tool for energy planning, helping to identify high-potential zones while accounting for environmental risks and economic constraints. • Shallow ground heat exchange capability for air conditioning systems is estimated. • Classical approaches for closed- and open-loop system feasibility are applied. • A new Geothermal Potential Index is proposed to simplify open-loop system evaluation. • The proposed method assesses aquifer geochemical risks for intensive open-loop systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Renewable Energy: An International Journal is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Integrating classical methods and a new viability index to assess shallow ground heat exchange potential: application to the Gioia Tauro coastal plain (Calabria, southern Italy).
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Vespasiano%2C+Giovanni%22">Vespasiano, Giovanni</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Taussi%2C+Marco%22">Taussi, Marco</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> marco.taussi@uniurb.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Russo%2C+Luigi%22">Russo, Luigi</searchLink><relatesTo>1,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cianflone%2C+Giuseppe%22">Cianflone, Giuseppe</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chemeri%2C+Lorenzo%22">Chemeri, Lorenzo</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fuoco%2C+Ilaria%22">Fuoco, Ilaria</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bloise%2C+Andrea%22">Bloise, Andrea</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> andrea.bloise@unical.it</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22La+Russa%2C+Mauro+F%2E%22">La Russa, Mauro F.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dominici%2C+Rocco%22">Dominici, Rocco</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Venturi%2C+Stefania%22">Venturi, Stefania</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cabassi%2C+Jacopo%22">Cabassi, Jacopo</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22De+Rosa%2C+Rosanna%22">De Rosa, Rosanna</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guido%2C+Adriano%22">Guido, Adriano</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Renzulli%2C+Alberto%22">Renzulli, Alberto</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ciniglia%2C+Federico%22">Ciniglia, Federico</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Apollaro%2C+Carmine%22">Apollaro, Carmine</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Renewable+Energy%3A+An+International+Journal%22">Renewable Energy: An International Journal</searchLink>. Aug2026, Vol. 269, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Geothermal+resources%22">Geothermal resources</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ground+source+heat+pump+systems%22">Ground source heat pump systems</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+management%22">Energy management</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aquifer+pollution%22">Aquifer pollution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Closed+loop+systems%22">Closed loop systems</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calabria+%28Italy%29%22">Calabria (Italy)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Italy%22">Italy</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study investigates the shallow ground heat exchange capability in the highly industrialized Gioia Tauro Plain (Southern Italy), integrating geological, hydrogeological, thermal, and geochemical data to assess the feasibility of both closed-loop and open-loop systems associated to geothermal heat pumps. For closed-loops the G.POT method was applied, enabling the calculation of extractable thermal energy based on soil properties and climatic conditions. For open-loops a comprehensive analysis was conducted using aquifer transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and geochemical features to identify the most suitable sectors. For the latter systems, a newly developed Geothermal Potential Viability Index was also proposed for a simplified system evaluation. Results show that the north-western sector of the plain has the highest suitability for closed-loop installations, due to high thermal conductivity and shallow water table. In contrast, areas near the Mesima and Budello river mouths exhibit physicochemical limitations for open-loop use, such as calcite oversaturation, high salinity, and elevated trace metal concentrations, which may significantly reduce the efficiency of open-loop systems. This integrated assessment provides a robust tool for energy planning, helping to identify high-potential zones while accounting for environmental risks and economic constraints. • Shallow ground heat exchange capability for air conditioning systems is estimated. • Classical approaches for closed- and open-loop system feasibility are applied. • A new Geothermal Potential Index is proposed to simplify open-loop system evaluation. • The proposed method assesses aquifer geochemical risks for intensive open-loop systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Renewable Energy: An International Journal is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.renene.2026.125807
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Geothermal resources
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ground source heat pump systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aquifer pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Closed loop systems
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Calabria (Italy)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Italy
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Integrating classical methods and a new viability index to assess shallow ground heat exchange potential: application to the Gioia Tauro coastal plain (Calabria, southern Italy).
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              Text: Aug2026
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              Y: 2026
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