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The Effect of 'Hydraulic‐Visual' Interaction on the Intensity of Fish Schooling in the Upstream Movement of Juvenile Silver Carp.

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Title: The Effect of 'Hydraulic‐Visual' Interaction on the Intensity of Fish Schooling in the Upstream Movement of Juvenile Silver Carp.
Authors: Haoyu, Ding1,2 (AUTHOR), Chenyu, Lin1,2 (AUTHOR) linchenyu@ctgu.edu.cn, Yujiao, Wu1,2 (AUTHOR), Zijing, Yang3 (AUTHOR), Xiaotao, Shi1,2 (AUTHOR), Zezhang, Liang1,2 (AUTHOR), Guiwen, Rong4 (AUTHOR), Jiawei, Xu5,6 (AUTHOR), Jia, Luo1,2 (AUTHOR), Lixiong, Yu7 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ecology & Evolution (20457758). May2026, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p1-16. 16p.
Subject Terms: *Animal migration, Fish schooling, Silver carp, Flow velocity, Fish migration, Turbulence, Caloric expenditure
Abstract: Understanding how hydraulic and visual factors jointly regulate fish schooling is critical for improving fish passage performance. Using juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as a model organism, we investigated how schooling intensity responds to the combined effects of flow velocity, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and visual guidance cues from obstacles. The experiment was conducted in a controlled flume with three flow conditions at a fixed fish group size (five individuals). By integrating simulated flow fields with the spatial distribution of fish schooling intensity and swimming energy expenditure, relationships among flow characteristics, energetic demand and schooling behaviour during fish upstream movement were quantitatively analysed. We concluded that (1) increasing flow velocity constrained the fish's lateral exploration and prompted them to ascend predominantly along the main flow current; (2) in relatively mild flow conditions, fish schooling intensity was barely affected by TKE, whereas in obstacle areas where high velocity co‐occurred with low turbulence, they preferred to select high‐velocity paths as efficient ascending passages near obstacles; (3) increase in short‐term or cumulative energy expenditure alone was not sufficient to drive an increase in fish schooling, whereas the surge in energy requirements under conditions of high‐velocity barriers correlated with enhanced fish schooling intensity; (4) after passing velocity barriers, fish adopted a short‐burst acceleration strategy in low‐velocity, low‐turbulence regions upstream of obstacles to avoid reforming dense schools, indicating an active tendency to minimise prolonged energy costs when possible; and (5) obstacles provided salient visual cues that enabled fish to avoid collisions and adjust their swimming direction during rapid upstream movement. Overall, these findings demonstrate that schooling intensity is a dynamic behavioural adjustment shaped by the interplay between hydraulic conditions, associated energetic costs and visual information. The results provide mechanistic insight into collective upstream migration and offer practical guidance for the hydraulic and structural optimisation of fish passages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: The Effect of 'Hydraulic‐Visual' Interaction on the Intensity of Fish Schooling in the Upstream Movement of Juvenile Silver Carp.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Haoyu%2C+Ding%22">Haoyu, Ding</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chenyu%2C+Lin%22">Chenyu, Lin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> linchenyu@ctgu.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yujiao%2C+Wu%22">Yujiao, Wu</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zijing%2C+Yang%22">Zijing, Yang</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xiaotao%2C+Shi%22">Xiaotao, Shi</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zezhang%2C+Liang%22">Zezhang, Liang</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Guiwen%2C+Rong%22">Guiwen, Rong</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiawei%2C+Xu%22">Jiawei, Xu</searchLink><relatesTo>5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jia%2C+Luo%22">Jia, Luo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lixiong%2C+Yu%22">Lixiong, Yu</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecology+%26+Evolution+%2820457758%29%22">Ecology & Evolution (20457758)</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p1-16. 16p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Animal+migration%22">Animal migration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fish+schooling%22">Fish schooling</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Silver+carp%22">Silver carp</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flow+velocity%22">Flow velocity</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fish+migration%22">Fish migration</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Turbulence%22">Turbulence</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Caloric+expenditure%22">Caloric expenditure</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Understanding how hydraulic and visual factors jointly regulate fish schooling is critical for improving fish passage performance. Using juvenile silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as a model organism, we investigated how schooling intensity responds to the combined effects of flow velocity, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and visual guidance cues from obstacles. The experiment was conducted in a controlled flume with three flow conditions at a fixed fish group size (five individuals). By integrating simulated flow fields with the spatial distribution of fish schooling intensity and swimming energy expenditure, relationships among flow characteristics, energetic demand and schooling behaviour during fish upstream movement were quantitatively analysed. We concluded that (1) increasing flow velocity constrained the fish's lateral exploration and prompted them to ascend predominantly along the main flow current; (2) in relatively mild flow conditions, fish schooling intensity was barely affected by TKE, whereas in obstacle areas where high velocity co‐occurred with low turbulence, they preferred to select high‐velocity paths as efficient ascending passages near obstacles; (3) increase in short‐term or cumulative energy expenditure alone was not sufficient to drive an increase in fish schooling, whereas the surge in energy requirements under conditions of high‐velocity barriers correlated with enhanced fish schooling intensity; (4) after passing velocity barriers, fish adopted a short‐burst acceleration strategy in low‐velocity, low‐turbulence regions upstream of obstacles to avoid reforming dense schools, indicating an active tendency to minimise prolonged energy costs when possible; and (5) obstacles provided salient visual cues that enabled fish to avoid collisions and adjust their swimming direction during rapid upstream movement. Overall, these findings demonstrate that schooling intensity is a dynamic behavioural adjustment shaped by the interplay between hydraulic conditions, associated energetic costs and visual information. The results provide mechanistic insight into collective upstream migration and offer practical guidance for the hydraulic and structural optimisation of fish passages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/ece3.73659
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 16
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Animal migration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fish schooling
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Silver carp
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Flow velocity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fish migration
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Turbulence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Caloric expenditure
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: The Effect of 'Hydraulic‐Visual' Interaction on the Intensity of Fish Schooling in the Upstream Movement of Juvenile Silver Carp.
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              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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