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The Effect of Thermophilic Deodorizing Bacteria on Nitrogen Loss and Promoting Kitchen Waste Composting.

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Title: The Effect of Thermophilic Deodorizing Bacteria on Nitrogen Loss and Promoting Kitchen Waste Composting.
Authors: Zhang, Zhixin1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Yongda1,2 (AUTHOR), Li, Xiang Ling1,2 (AUTHOR), Song, Tianshun1,2 (AUTHOR) tshsong@njtech.edu.cn, Xie, Jingjing1,2,3 (AUTHOR) xiej@njtech.edu.cn
Source: CLEAN: Soil, Air, Water. May2026, Vol. 54 Issue 5, p1-10. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Composting, *Nitrogen cycle, *Atmospheric ammonia, *Nitrogen fixation, *Humification, Bacillus licheniformis, Thermophilic bacteria, Microbial inoculants
Abstract: Microbial inoculation represented a promising strategy for mitigating ammonia emissions during kitchen waste composting. Herein, two strains of thermophilic deodorizing bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) were isolated and formulated as thermophilic microbial (TM) agent. During the 30‐day composting process, compared to control group (CK), the TM agent extended the high‐temperature period in the composting process by 2 days. TM agent significantly reduced the concentrations of NH3 and H2S by 38.88% and 17.47%, whereas the nitrate nitrogen (NO3−‐N) and total nitrogen (TN) content increased by 15.44% and 6.69%, respectively. Furthermore, the application of TM significantly increased humus content by three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and humus analysis. Additionally, the inoculation of TM agent enriched chitin‐decomposing (Chitinophaga) and ammonia‐assimilating (Streptomyces) bacteria. From the perspective of nitrogen cycling, the transformation of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+‐N) was the key process for promoting nitrogen retention. The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the transformation of NH4+‐N was the key process for promoting nitrogen retention during the TM agent inoculation. Therefore, thermophilic deodorizing bacteria were identified as a potential inoculant to improve humus formation and enhance nitrogen conservation during kitchen waste composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of CLEAN: Soil, Air, Water is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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An: 194135443
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: The Effect of Thermophilic Deodorizing Bacteria on Nitrogen Loss and Promoting Kitchen Waste Composting.
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  Label: Authors
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhang%2C+Zhixin%22">Zhang, Zhixin</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Yongda%22">Li, Yongda</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xiang+Ling%22">Li, Xiang Ling</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Song%2C+Tianshun%22">Song, Tianshun</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> tshsong@njtech.edu.cn</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xie%2C+Jingjing%22">Xie, Jingjing</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> xiej@njtech.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22CLEAN%3A+Soil%2C+Air%2C+Water%22">CLEAN: Soil, Air, Water</searchLink>. May2026, Vol. 54 Issue 5, p1-10. 10p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Composting%22">Composting</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrogen+cycle%22">Nitrogen cycle</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+ammonia%22">Atmospheric ammonia</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitrogen+fixation%22">Nitrogen fixation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Humification%22">Humification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bacillus+licheniformis%22">Bacillus licheniformis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thermophilic+bacteria%22">Thermophilic bacteria</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Microbial+inoculants%22">Microbial inoculants</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Microbial inoculation represented a promising strategy for mitigating ammonia emissions during kitchen waste composting. Herein, two strains of thermophilic deodorizing bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) were isolated and formulated as thermophilic microbial (TM) agent. During the 30‐day composting process, compared to control group (CK), the TM agent extended the high‐temperature period in the composting process by 2 days. TM agent significantly reduced the concentrations of NH3 and H2S by 38.88% and 17.47%, whereas the nitrate nitrogen (NO3−‐N) and total nitrogen (TN) content increased by 15.44% and 6.69%, respectively. Furthermore, the application of TM significantly increased humus content by three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and humus analysis. Additionally, the inoculation of TM agent enriched chitin‐decomposing (Chitinophaga) and ammonia‐assimilating (Streptomyces) bacteria. From the perspective of nitrogen cycling, the transformation of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+‐N) was the key process for promoting nitrogen retention. The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the transformation of NH4+‐N was the key process for promoting nitrogen retention during the TM agent inoculation. Therefore, thermophilic deodorizing bacteria were identified as a potential inoculant to improve humus formation and enhance nitrogen conservation during kitchen waste composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of CLEAN: Soil, Air, Water is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/clen.70197
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Composting
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitrogen cycle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric ammonia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitrogen fixation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bacillus licheniformis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thermophilic bacteria
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial inoculants
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: The Effect of Thermophilic Deodorizing Bacteria on Nitrogen Loss and Promoting Kitchen Waste Composting.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Zhang, Zhixin
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          Name:
            NameFull: Li, Yongda
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            NameFull: Li, Xiang Ling
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            NameFull: Song, Tianshun
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            NameFull: Xie, Jingjing
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            – D: 01
              M: 05
              Text: May2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 18630650
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              Value: 54
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              Value: 5
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            – TitleFull: CLEAN: Soil, Air, Water
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