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Effect of Coagulant Type and Biofilter as Nanofiltration Pretreatment Units on the Rejection Rate of Atrazine and Total Phosphate in River Water Treatment.

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Title: Effect of Coagulant Type and Biofilter as Nanofiltration Pretreatment Units on the Rejection Rate of Atrazine and Total Phosphate in River Water Treatment.
Authors: Fitriani, Nurina1,2 (AUTHOR) nurina.fitriani@fst.unair.ac.id, Ilham, Mochamad1,2 (AUTHOR), Aviano, Terry1,2 (AUTHOR), Soedjono, Eddy Setiadi3 (AUTHOR), Pratama, M. Bagas Pramudya3 (AUTHOR), Dianbudiyanto, Wahid2,4 (AUTHOR), Wahyudianto, Febri Eko2,5 (AUTHOR), Mohamed, Radin Maya Saphira Radin6 (AUTHOR), Kurniawan, Setyo Budi7,8 (AUTHOR)
Source: Water, Air & Soil Pollution. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-22. 22p.
Subject Terms: *Atrazine, *Phosphate removal (Water purification), *Coagulation (Sewage purification), *Biofiltration, *Water purification, Membrane filter fouling, Response surfaces (Statistics), Nanofiltration
Geographic Terms: Jawa Timur (Indonesia), Indonesia
Abstract: Intensive maize cultivation in the Brantas River basin, East Java, Indonesia, has increased the use of atrazine and phosphate-based fertilizers, raising concerns regarding drinking water safety. This study evaluated the performance of a nanofiltration system for atrazine and total phosphate removal, assessed the influence of coagulant type (Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3) and biofiltration as pretreatment units, and optimized operational conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Raw water underwent coagulation followed by slow sand biofiltration prior to NF. Membrane fouling was evaluated by monitoring permeate flux decline and further characterized through SEM–EDX analysis of the membrane surface morphology and elemental composition. Statistical evaluation using Design-Expert Version 13 (DX13) indicated that operating time, coagulant type, and biofilter inclusion significantly affected contaminant rejection (p < 0.0001). The optimum configuration, determined at a desirability value of 0.779, consisted of FeCl3 coagulation without biofiltration, operating for 9.828 days. Under these conditions, atrazine and total phosphate rejections reached 74.21% and 59.79%, respectively, closely matching model predictions. Mechanistic interpretation suggests that FeCl3 hydrolysis species enhance atrazine removal through complexation and adsorption, while phosphate removal is governed by charge-neutralization and ligand-exchange interactions. Fouling analysis confirmed inorganic–organic deposition as a key operational constraint. Although technically feasible, scale-up requires improvements in recovery rate, membrane configuration, and fouling control to ensure long-term sustainability. This integrated assessment provides practical and mechanistic insights into optimizing nanofiltration-based treatment for micropollutant-impacted river water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Water, Air & Soil Pollution is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Effect of Coagulant Type and Biofilter as Nanofiltration Pretreatment Units on the Rejection Rate of Atrazine and Total Phosphate in River Water Treatment.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Intensive maize cultivation in the Brantas River basin, East Java, Indonesia, has increased the use of atrazine and phosphate-based fertilizers, raising concerns regarding drinking water safety. This study evaluated the performance of a nanofiltration system for atrazine and total phosphate removal, assessed the influence of coagulant type (Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3) and biofiltration as pretreatment units, and optimized operational conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Raw water underwent coagulation followed by slow sand biofiltration prior to NF. Membrane fouling was evaluated by monitoring permeate flux decline and further characterized through SEM–EDX analysis of the membrane surface morphology and elemental composition. Statistical evaluation using Design-Expert Version 13 (DX13) indicated that operating time, coagulant type, and biofilter inclusion significantly affected contaminant rejection (p &lt; 0.0001). The optimum configuration, determined at a desirability value of 0.779, consisted of FeCl3 coagulation without biofiltration, operating for 9.828 days. Under these conditions, atrazine and total phosphate rejections reached 74.21% and 59.79%, respectively, closely matching model predictions. Mechanistic interpretation suggests that FeCl3 hydrolysis species enhance atrazine removal through complexation and adsorption, while phosphate removal is governed by charge-neutralization and ligand-exchange interactions. Fouling analysis confirmed inorganic–organic deposition as a key operational constraint. Although technically feasible, scale-up requires improvements in recovery rate, membrane configuration, and fouling control to ensure long-term sustainability. This integrated assessment provides practical and mechanistic insights into optimizing nanofiltration-based treatment for micropollutant-impacted river water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Copyright of Water, Air &amp; Soil Pollution is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder&#39;s express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.&lt;/i&gt; (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11270-026-09478-1
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 22
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Atrazine
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phosphate removal (Water purification)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Coagulation (Sewage purification)
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      – SubjectFull: Biofiltration
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      – SubjectFull: Membrane filter fouling
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      – SubjectFull: Jawa Timur (Indonesia)
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      – TitleFull: Effect of Coagulant Type and Biofilter as Nanofiltration Pretreatment Units on the Rejection Rate of Atrazine and Total Phosphate in River Water Treatment.
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              Text: Jul2026
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