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PAFC–Polyamine Composite Coagulant for Efficient Oil and Grease Removal from Produced Water.

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Title: PAFC–Polyamine Composite Coagulant for Efficient Oil and Grease Removal from Produced Water.
Authors: Boora, Amit Kumar1 (AUTHOR), Thakare, Yogesh2 (AUTHOR), Mehta, Hiten2 (AUTHOR), Rathore, Vineet Kumar1 (AUTHOR), Chakraborty, Mousumi1 (AUTHOR) mch@ched.svnit.ac.in
Source: Water, Air & Soil Pollution. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-15. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Coagulation (Sewage purification), *Oil removal (Sewage purification), *Water purification, *Water pollution prevention, *Flocculation, *Sustainability, Ferric chloride, Polyamines
Abstract: Produced water, a major by-product of oil and gas extraction, presents serious environmental challenges due to its high turbidity, oil and grease content, and potential for contaminant bioaccumulation. This study reports the synthesis, optimization, and performance evaluation of a novel organic–inorganic composite coagulant. Polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC) was synthesized, and then composite coagulant was prepared by grafting high-viscosity polyamine (HVP) onto PAFC. The coagulant composition was optimized at an Al/Fe ratio of 7, basicity (OH/(Al + Fe)) of 2.0, and 10% polyamine content based on its efficacy assessed in both synthetic and real produced water and compared against conventional coagulants, including polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and ferric chloride (FeCl₃).The PAFC–polyamine composite coagulant exhibited a synergistic mechanism, combining the high charge density of PAFC for charge neutralization with polymeric chains of polyamine for bridging and sweep flocculation. This resulted in superior performance, achieving up to 95% turbidity reduction and 90% oil and grease removal in real produced water at lower dosages than PAC and FeCl3. Additionally, the hybrid coagulant generated approximately 55% less sludge than conventional metal salts, demonstrating enhanced operational sustainability. Speciation analysis revealed that optimizing the Al/Fe ratio and basicity shifted aluminum and iron species toward highly effective polymeric forms, further improving coagulation efficiency. Overall, the study demonstrates that the PAFC–polyamine composite coagulant is a highly effective, low-waste, and environmentally sustainable solution for the treatment of oil and gas produced water, offering both improved contaminant removal and operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Water, Air & Soil Pollution is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: PAFC–Polyamine Composite Coagulant for Efficient Oil and Grease Removal from Produced Water.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Water%2C+Air+%26+Soil+Pollution%22">Water, Air & Soil Pollution</searchLink>. Jul2026, Vol. 237 Issue 14, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Coagulation+%28Sewage+purification%29%22">Coagulation (Sewage purification)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Oil+removal+%28Sewage+purification%29%22">Oil removal (Sewage purification)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+purification%22">Water purification</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+pollution+prevention%22">Water pollution prevention</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Flocculation%22">Flocculation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sustainability%22">Sustainability</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ferric+chloride%22">Ferric chloride</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polyamines%22">Polyamines</searchLink>
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  Data: Produced water, a major by-product of oil and gas extraction, presents serious environmental challenges due to its high turbidity, oil and grease content, and potential for contaminant bioaccumulation. This study reports the synthesis, optimization, and performance evaluation of a novel organic–inorganic composite coagulant. Polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC) was synthesized, and then composite coagulant was prepared by grafting high-viscosity polyamine (HVP) onto PAFC. The coagulant composition was optimized at an Al/Fe ratio of 7, basicity (OH/(Al + Fe)) of 2.0, and 10% polyamine content based on its efficacy assessed in both synthetic and real produced water and compared against conventional coagulants, including polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and ferric chloride (FeCl₃).The PAFC–polyamine composite coagulant exhibited a synergistic mechanism, combining the high charge density of PAFC for charge neutralization with polymeric chains of polyamine for bridging and sweep flocculation. This resulted in superior performance, achieving up to 95% turbidity reduction and 90% oil and grease removal in real produced water at lower dosages than PAC and FeCl3. Additionally, the hybrid coagulant generated approximately 55% less sludge than conventional metal salts, demonstrating enhanced operational sustainability. Speciation analysis revealed that optimizing the Al/Fe ratio and basicity shifted aluminum and iron species toward highly effective polymeric forms, further improving coagulation efficiency. Overall, the study demonstrates that the PAFC–polyamine composite coagulant is a highly effective, low-waste, and environmentally sustainable solution for the treatment of oil and gas produced water, offering both improved contaminant removal and operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Water, Air & Soil Pollution is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1007/s11270-026-09489-y
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Coagulation (Sewage purification)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oil removal (Sewage purification)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water purification
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      – SubjectFull: Water pollution prevention
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      – SubjectFull: Flocculation
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      – SubjectFull: Sustainability
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      – SubjectFull: Ferric chloride
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyamines
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: PAFC–Polyamine Composite Coagulant for Efficient Oil and Grease Removal from Produced Water.
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            NameFull: Boora, Amit Kumar
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              Text: Jul2026
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              Y: 2026
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