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Herbicide metabolism and EPSPS Pro-106-Ser substitution confer multiple resistance in Chenopodium spp. from Southern Spain.

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Title: Herbicide metabolism and EPSPS Pro-106-Ser substitution confer multiple resistance in Chenopodium spp. from Southern Spain.
Authors: Rojano-Delgado, Antonia M.1 (AUTHOR), Sohrabi, Sima2 (AUTHOR), Santana, Ana Paula da Silva3 (AUTHOR), Palma-Bautista, Candelario4 (AUTHOR), Domínguez-Valenzuela, José Alfredo4 (AUTHOR), Gherekhloo, Javid5 (AUTHOR), Alcántara-de la Cruz, Ricardo1,3 (AUTHOR) ricardo.delacruz@ufv.br, De Prado, Rafael6 (AUTHOR)
Source: Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology. Jun2026, Vol. 221, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
Subject Terms: *Herbicide resistance, *Glyphosate, Cytochrome P-450, Goosefoots
Geographic Terms: Spain, Southern Spain, Southern Europe
Abstract: Long-term herbicide programs in Mediterranean perennial systems have imposed sustained selection pressure on weed populations, promoting the evolution of multiple resistance. We investigated resistance mechanisms in Chenopodium album (Ca) and C. vulvaria (Cv) from southern Spain following more than two decades of glyphosate-based management. We aimed to (i) confirm resistance to atrazine, tribenuron-methyl (TM), glyphosate, and 2,4-D; (ii) distinguish between target-site and metabolic resistance; and (iii) characterize the biochemical and molecular basis of cross- and multiple-herbicide resistance. Screening assays revealed high survival (78–100%) of resistant (R) populations to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, auxinic-, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)-inhibiting herbicides. Dose–response assays confirmed resistance, with resistance indices (RI) of 6.7 and 5.1 for atrazine, 19.0 and 17.3 for TM, 7.0 and 13.9 for glyphosate, and 6.0 and 6.9 for 2,4-D in CaR and CvR, respectively. Radiolabelled and analytical metabolism assays demonstrated enhanced herbicide metabolism in R populations: atrazine (94–95% vs. 13–16% in S), TM (68–69% vs. 24–25%), 2,4-D (64–65% vs. 2–4%), and glyphosate (39–43% vs. 8–9%). Malathion partially reversed resistance to atrazine, TM, and 2,4-D, supporting cytochrome P450 (CYP450) involvement. In contrast, glyphosate metabolism was independent of CYP450 or glutathione S-transferases inhibition. Biochemical assays showed no differences in PSII or ALS sensitivity (I₅₀ RI ≈ 1), whereas EPSPS inhibition assays revealed a tenfold increase in I₅₀ in CvR. Sequencing identified a Pro-106-Ser substitution in EPSPS exclusively in CvR. Enhanced metabolism predominates in the R Chenopodium spp. populations, with coexistence of metabolic and target-site mechanisms in CvR, increasing the risk of further cross-resistance under continued herbicide reliance. [Display omitted] • Multiple resistance confirmed to PSII, ALS, EPSPS and auxinic herbicides. • CYP450-mediated metabolism contributes to atrazine, 2,4-D, and TM resistance. • Glyphosate resistance associated with metabolism of unknown basis. • EPSPS Pro-106-Ser mutation detected in resistant C. vulvaria. • Metabolic and target-site mechanisms coexist in CvR population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Herbicide metabolism and EPSPS Pro-106-Ser substitution confer multiple resistance in Chenopodium spp. from Southern Spain.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Rojano-Delgado%2C+Antonia+M%2E%22">Rojano-Delgado, Antonia M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sohrabi%2C+Sima%22">Sohrabi, Sima</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Santana%2C+Ana+Paula+da+Silva%22">Santana, Ana Paula da Silva</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Palma-Bautista%2C+Candelario%22">Palma-Bautista, Candelario</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Domínguez-Valenzuela%2C+José+Alfredo%22">Domínguez-Valenzuela, José Alfredo</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gherekhloo%2C+Javid%22">Gherekhloo, Javid</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Alcántara-de+la+Cruz%2C+Ricardo%22">Alcántara-de la Cruz, Ricardo</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> ricardo.delacruz@ufv.br</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22De+Prado%2C+Rafael%22">De Prado, Rafael</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Pesticide+Biochemistry+%26+Physiology%22">Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 221, pN.PAG-N.PAG. 1p.
– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Herbicide+resistance%22">Herbicide resistance</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Glyphosate%22">Glyphosate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cytochrome+P-450%22">Cytochrome P-450</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Goosefoots%22">Goosefoots</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spain%22">Spain</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Southern+Spain%22">Southern Spain</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Southern+Europe%22">Southern Europe</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Long-term herbicide programs in Mediterranean perennial systems have imposed sustained selection pressure on weed populations, promoting the evolution of multiple resistance. We investigated resistance mechanisms in Chenopodium album (Ca) and C. vulvaria (Cv) from southern Spain following more than two decades of glyphosate-based management. We aimed to (i) confirm resistance to atrazine, tribenuron-methyl (TM), glyphosate, and 2,4-D; (ii) distinguish between target-site and metabolic resistance; and (iii) characterize the biochemical and molecular basis of cross- and multiple-herbicide resistance. Screening assays revealed high survival (78–100%) of resistant (R) populations to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, auxinic-, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)-inhibiting herbicides. Dose–response assays confirmed resistance, with resistance indices (RI) of 6.7 and 5.1 for atrazine, 19.0 and 17.3 for TM, 7.0 and 13.9 for glyphosate, and 6.0 and 6.9 for 2,4-D in CaR and CvR, respectively. Radiolabelled and analytical metabolism assays demonstrated enhanced herbicide metabolism in R populations: atrazine (94–95% vs. 13–16% in S), TM (68–69% vs. 24–25%), 2,4-D (64–65% vs. 2–4%), and glyphosate (39–43% vs. 8–9%). Malathion partially reversed resistance to atrazine, TM, and 2,4-D, supporting cytochrome P450 (CYP450) involvement. In contrast, glyphosate metabolism was independent of CYP450 or glutathione S-transferases inhibition. Biochemical assays showed no differences in PSII or ALS sensitivity (I₅₀ RI ≈ 1), whereas EPSPS inhibition assays revealed a tenfold increase in I₅₀ in CvR. Sequencing identified a Pro-106-Ser substitution in EPSPS exclusively in CvR. Enhanced metabolism predominates in the R Chenopodium spp. populations, with coexistence of metabolic and target-site mechanisms in CvR, increasing the risk of further cross-resistance under continued herbicide reliance. [Display omitted] • Multiple resistance confirmed to PSII, ALS, EPSPS and auxinic herbicides. • CYP450-mediated metabolism contributes to atrazine, 2,4-D, and TM resistance. • Glyphosate resistance associated with metabolism of unknown basis. • EPSPS Pro-106-Ser mutation detected in resistant C. vulvaria. • Metabolic and target-site mechanisms coexist in CvR population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2026.107132
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 1
        StartPage: N.PAG
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Herbicide resistance
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glyphosate
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cytochrome P-450
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      – SubjectFull: Goosefoots
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      – SubjectFull: Spain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Southern Spain
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Southern Europe
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Herbicide metabolism and EPSPS Pro-106-Ser substitution confer multiple resistance in Chenopodium spp. from Southern Spain.
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              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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