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Generation Mechanism of Planetary‐Wave‐Modulated Variations in the Sporadic E Layer Examined Using the GAIA‐Es Model.

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Title: Generation Mechanism of Planetary‐Wave‐Modulated Variations in the Sporadic E Layer Examined Using the GAIA‐Es Model.
Authors: Andoh, Satoshi1 (AUTHOR) andoh@nict.go.jp, Shinagawa, Hiroyuki2 (AUTHOR), Jin, Hidekatsu1 (AUTHOR), Tao, Chihiro1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics. Jun2026, Vol. 131 Issue 6, p1-15. 15p.
Subject Terms: *Atmospheric circulation, *Upper atmosphere, Ion flow dynamics, Computer simulation, Rossby waves, Metal ions
Abstract: This study elucidates the generation mechanism of planetary wave (PW) period variations in the sporadic E (Es) layer at low and middle latitudes. One of the causes of its day‐to‐day variations is wind variations owing to thermospheric PWs. Some mechanisms have been proposed for how PWs generate PW‐period variations in the Es layer, but there is still no common theory. In this study, we employed a three‐dimensional numerical model to assess two reasonable mechanisms for the generation of PW‐period variations in the Es layer. One theory considers that vertical ion convergence (VIC) variations owing to PWs generate the PW‐period Es layer variations in the Es layer formation. Another theory asserts that horizontal ion convergence (HIC) variations owing to PWs change background metal‐ion distributions, thereby generating PW‐period variations in the Es layer. Our simulation demonstrates that PW‐period variations in the Es layer are caused by PW‐modulated winds below 120 km, and the VIC driven by PWs is the more plausible cause than HIC. Both spatial and temporal variations in VIC by PWs are consistent with PW‐period variations in the Es layer, but those in HIC are not. Our result clarifies the generation mechanism of PW‐period variations in the Es layer and suggests the critical role of VIC in the day‐to‐day variability of the Es layer, especially in the winter. Key Points: Generation mechanisms of planetary wave (PW)‐period variations in sporadic E (Es) layer are examined numericallyPW‐modulated winds below an altitude of 120 km can cause PW‐period variations in the Es layerPW‐modulated variations in Es layer arise from those in vertical ion convergence rather than from those in horizontal ion convergence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Generation Mechanism of Planetary‐Wave‐Modulated Variations in the Sporadic E Layer Examined Using the GAIA‐Es Model.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Andoh%2C+Satoshi%22">Andoh, Satoshi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> andoh@nict.go.jp</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Shinagawa%2C+Hiroyuki%22">Shinagawa, Hiroyuki</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jin%2C+Hidekatsu%22">Jin, Hidekatsu</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Tao%2C+Chihiro%22">Tao, Chihiro</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2E+Space+Physics%22">Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 131 Issue 6, p1-15. 15p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+circulation%22">Atmospheric circulation</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Upper+atmosphere%22">Upper atmosphere</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ion+flow+dynamics%22">Ion flow dynamics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Computer+simulation%22">Computer simulation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Rossby+waves%22">Rossby waves</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Metal+ions%22">Metal ions</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study elucidates the generation mechanism of planetary wave (PW) period variations in the sporadic E (Es) layer at low and middle latitudes. One of the causes of its day‐to‐day variations is wind variations owing to thermospheric PWs. Some mechanisms have been proposed for how PWs generate PW‐period variations in the Es layer, but there is still no common theory. In this study, we employed a three‐dimensional numerical model to assess two reasonable mechanisms for the generation of PW‐period variations in the Es layer. One theory considers that vertical ion convergence (VIC) variations owing to PWs generate the PW‐period Es layer variations in the Es layer formation. Another theory asserts that horizontal ion convergence (HIC) variations owing to PWs change background metal‐ion distributions, thereby generating PW‐period variations in the Es layer. Our simulation demonstrates that PW‐period variations in the Es layer are caused by PW‐modulated winds below 120 km, and the VIC driven by PWs is the more plausible cause than HIC. Both spatial and temporal variations in VIC by PWs are consistent with PW‐period variations in the Es layer, but those in HIC are not. Our result clarifies the generation mechanism of PW‐period variations in the Es layer and suggests the critical role of VIC in the day‐to‐day variability of the Es layer, especially in the winter. Key Points: Generation mechanisms of planetary wave (PW)‐period variations in sporadic E (Es) layer are examined numericallyPW‐modulated winds below an altitude of 120 km can cause PW‐period variations in the Es layerPW‐modulated variations in Es layer arise from those in vertical ion convergence rather than from those in horizontal ion convergence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1029/2026JA035324
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 15
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    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric circulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Upper atmosphere
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ion flow dynamics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rossby waves
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metal ions
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Generation Mechanism of Planetary‐Wave‐Modulated Variations in the Sporadic E Layer Examined Using the GAIA‐Es Model.
        Type: main
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      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Andoh, Satoshi
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            NameFull: Shinagawa, Hiroyuki
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            NameFull: Jin, Hidekatsu
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            NameFull: Tao, Chihiro
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 131
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              Value: 6
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Geophysical Research. Space Physics
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