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Population Genetic Study of vitellogenin in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) With European Ancestry Identifies Two Ancestral Genetic Backgrounds.

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Title: Population Genetic Study of vitellogenin in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) With European Ancestry Identifies Two Ancestral Genetic Backgrounds.
Authors: Leipart, Vilde1,2 (AUTHOR) vilde.leipart@nmbu.no, Cartwright, Reed A.3,4 (AUTHOR), Eyre‐Walker, Adam5 (AUTHOR), Sandve, Simen R.6 (AUTHOR), Amdam, Gro V.1,3 (AUTHOR)
Source: Ecology & Evolution (20457758). Jun2026, Vol. 16 Issue 6, p1-14. 14p.
Subject Terms: *Biological evolution, Vitellogenins, Haplotypes, Proteins, Honeybees, Population genetics, Genetic variation, Bees
Geographic Terms: Europe
Abstract: In honey bees (Apis mellifera), the ancient and multifunctional protein Vitellogenin (Vg) is tightly linked to colony health. Vg contributes to several key traits, including nutrient transport, immunity support, and regulation of social behavior. However, the role of selective forces in shaping natural variation in this gene is poorly understood. To address this, we use a population genetic approach based on long‐read sequences to characterize full‐length vg haplotype variation. Using sequences from 543 honey bees sampled in Europe and the USA, including different subspecies and multiple geographical locations and we test whether patterns of variation and divergence are compatible with selection. Our findings show that vg segregates into two main haplotype versions (haplogroups), defined by 65 common polymorphisms, which together account for 69% of the sampled haplotypes. One haplogroup is abundant in A. m. mellifera conservatory samples. At the protein level, the haplogroups differ at only seven positions, all of which are in the protein's lipid‐binding cavity. This concentration at a single functional region motivates the hypothesis that haplogroup differences may affect lipid binding or transport. The remaining 58 polymorphisms are synonymous or in noncoding regions, which could influence gene expression and splicing. We further find that comparisons of variation across our samples are compatible with a history of positive selection at vg, in line with prior work. Taken together, our results document substantial vg haplotype structure across sampled honey bees and identify protein‐coding differences concentrated in the lipid‐binding cavity. This provides a foundation for future work linking vg genetic variation to Vg function and colony‐related phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Label: Title
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  Data: Population Genetic Study of vitellogenin in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) With European Ancestry Identifies Two Ancestral Genetic Backgrounds.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Leipart%2C+Vilde%22">Leipart, Vilde</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> vilde.leipart@nmbu.no</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cartwright%2C+Reed+A%2E%22">Cartwright, Reed A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Eyre‐Walker%2C+Adam%22">Eyre‐Walker, Adam</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sandve%2C+Simen+R%2E%22">Sandve, Simen R.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Amdam%2C+Gro+V%2E%22">Amdam, Gro V.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Ecology+%26+Evolution+%2820457758%29%22">Ecology & Evolution (20457758)</searchLink>. Jun2026, Vol. 16 Issue 6, p1-14. 14p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Biological+evolution%22">Biological evolution</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Vitellogenins%22">Vitellogenins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Haplotypes%22">Haplotypes</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Proteins%22">Proteins</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Honeybees%22">Honeybees</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Population+genetics%22">Population genetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genetic+variation%22">Genetic variation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bees%22">Bees</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Europe%22">Europe</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In honey bees (Apis mellifera), the ancient and multifunctional protein Vitellogenin (Vg) is tightly linked to colony health. Vg contributes to several key traits, including nutrient transport, immunity support, and regulation of social behavior. However, the role of selective forces in shaping natural variation in this gene is poorly understood. To address this, we use a population genetic approach based on long‐read sequences to characterize full‐length vg haplotype variation. Using sequences from 543 honey bees sampled in Europe and the USA, including different subspecies and multiple geographical locations and we test whether patterns of variation and divergence are compatible with selection. Our findings show that vg segregates into two main haplotype versions (haplogroups), defined by 65 common polymorphisms, which together account for 69% of the sampled haplotypes. One haplogroup is abundant in A. m. mellifera conservatory samples. At the protein level, the haplogroups differ at only seven positions, all of which are in the protein's lipid‐binding cavity. This concentration at a single functional region motivates the hypothesis that haplogroup differences may affect lipid binding or transport. The remaining 58 polymorphisms are synonymous or in noncoding regions, which could influence gene expression and splicing. We further find that comparisons of variation across our samples are compatible with a history of positive selection at vg, in line with prior work. Taken together, our results document substantial vg haplotype structure across sampled honey bees and identify protein‐coding differences concentrated in the lipid‐binding cavity. This provides a foundation for future work linking vg genetic variation to Vg function and colony‐related phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Ecology & Evolution (20457758) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/ece3.73845
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        PageCount: 14
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Biological evolution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Vitellogenins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Haplotypes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Proteins
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Honeybees
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Population genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genetic variation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bees
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Europe
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Population Genetic Study of vitellogenin in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) With European Ancestry Identifies Two Ancestral Genetic Backgrounds.
        Type: main
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            NameFull: Leipart, Vilde
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            NameFull: Cartwright, Reed A.
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            NameFull: Eyre‐Walker, Adam
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            NameFull: Sandve, Simen R.
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            NameFull: Amdam, Gro V.
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            – D: 01
              M: 06
              Text: Jun2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 16
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              Value: 6
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