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Long‐Term CO2 Emissions From Anthropogenic Sectors and Recent Climatology of India.

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Title: Long‐Term CO2 Emissions From Anthropogenic Sectors and Recent Climatology of India.
Authors: Jayachandran, Gopika P.1 (AUTHOR), Pathakoti, Mahesh1 (AUTHOR) mahi952@gmail.com, Kusuma, Munesh Ramji1 (AUTHOR), Asuri Lakshmi, Kanchana1 (AUTHOR), Dangeti Venkata, Mahalakshmi1 (AUTHOR), Pushpanathan, Raja2,3 (AUTHOR), Krishnan Sundara, Rajan4 (AUTHOR), Goru, Srinivasa Rao1 (AUTHOR), Dadhwal, Vinay Kumar5 (AUTHOR), Chauhan, Prakash1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres. 6/28/2026, Vol. 131 Issue 12, p1-21. 21p.
Subject Terms: *Carbon emissions, *Hot spots (Pollution), *Climatic zones, *Environmental management, *Climatology, *Atmospheric nitrogen oxides, Urbanization, Remote sensing of the atmosphere
Geographic Terms: India
Abstract: The present study identifies anthropogenic CO2 hotspots over the Indian region using columnar (XCO2) measurements from multiple satellites (AIRS, GOSAT, and OCO‐2/3) along with anthropogenic CO2 emissions from EDGAR, covering ∼23 years (2002–2024). The results indicate that India exhibited an annual CO2 trend of 2.31 ppm year−1, corresponding to a 17% increase in atmospheric CO2 during the study period. To further characterize anthropogenic CO2 sources, additional proxies of urban and industrial activities were analyzed: night‐time light (NTL) data for urbanization, NOx (NO + NO2) emissions for industrial activities, and atmospheric NO2 concentrations, as these species are co‐emitted during fossil‐fuel combustion. The combined analyses consistently identified major anthropogenic CO2 hotspots across India, with Sonbhadra and Vindhyachal emerging as the highest‐emitting coal mining and thermal power plant regions, respectively. The results also reveal that industrialization surpasses urbanization in contributing to enhanced emissions. To understand the climatic implications of CO2 emissions, ERA5 and IMD data sets were examined across Köppen climatic zones for the same period. The Tundra (ET) climatic zone is found to be rapidly warming and drying, whereas the Tropical Monsoon (Am) zone exhibits a favorable balance between dense vegetation and urbanization, resulting in minimal seasonal temperature variability. In contrast, the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) and National Capital Region (NCR) show significant increases in land surface temperatures during both day and night. Overall, the study highlights the need for region‐ and sector‐specific mitigation strategies for India, with particular attention to the IGP and NCR regions where warming trends are most pronounced. Plain Language Summary: Identifying anthropogenic CO2 hotspots and their environmental impacts are crucial for effective strategies to mitigate them. Thus, this study examines anthropogenic CO₂ hotspots over the Indian region using space‐borne and emission data of atmospheric CO2 and NO2 covering the period (2002–2024). The results indicate that CO₂ levels grew 2.31 ppm year⁻¹ over the Indian region, indicating a 17% increase in atmospheric CO2 during the study period. To determine the CO2 emission anthropogenic source type, proxies such as nighttime light data and NOx emissions were used in this study. This study identified anthropogenic CO2 hotspots with Sonbhadra and Vindhyachal as the highest emitting coal mining and thermal power plants in this study. Further, in this study, meteorology was investigated across Köppen climatic zones. The tundra climatic zone is warming and drying off swiftly, whereas the Tropical Monsoon zone is stable. Key Points: Examined anthropogenic CO2 hotspots with proxies such as Nighttime light data and oxides of NitrogenIdentified the crucial areas that require priority attention for region‐specific and sector‐specific policy developmentCO2 enhanced 17% in 2024 with a growth rate of 2.31 ppm year−1. The tundra‐like climatic zone of India is rapidly warming and desiccating [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Long‐Term CO<subscript>2</subscript> Emissions From Anthropogenic Sectors and Recent Climatology of India.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jayachandran%2C+Gopika+P%2E%22">Jayachandran, Gopika P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pathakoti%2C+Mahesh%22">Pathakoti, Mahesh</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> mahi952@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kusuma%2C+Munesh+Ramji%22">Kusuma, Munesh Ramji</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Asuri+Lakshmi%2C+Kanchana%22">Asuri Lakshmi, Kanchana</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dangeti+Venkata%2C+Mahalakshmi%22">Dangeti Venkata, Mahalakshmi</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Pushpanathan%2C+Raja%22">Pushpanathan, Raja</searchLink><relatesTo>2,3</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Krishnan+Sundara%2C+Rajan%22">Krishnan Sundara, Rajan</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goru%2C+Srinivasa+Rao%22">Goru, Srinivasa Rao</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dadhwal%2C+Vinay+Kumar%22">Dadhwal, Vinay Kumar</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chauhan%2C+Prakash%22">Chauhan, Prakash</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2E+Atmospheres%22">Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres</searchLink>. 6/28/2026, Vol. 131 Issue 12, p1-21. 21p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+emissions%22">Carbon emissions</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hot+spots+%28Pollution%29%22">Hot spots (Pollution)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Climatic+zones%22">Climatic zones</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Environmental+management%22">Environmental management</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Climatology%22">Climatology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atmospheric+nitrogen+oxides%22">Atmospheric nitrogen oxides</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Urbanization%22">Urbanization</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Remote+sensing+of+the+atmosphere%22">Remote sensing of the atmosphere</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22India%22">India</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: The present study identifies anthropogenic CO2 hotspots over the Indian region using columnar (XCO2) measurements from multiple satellites (AIRS, GOSAT, and OCO‐2/3) along with anthropogenic CO2 emissions from EDGAR, covering ∼23 years (2002–2024). The results indicate that India exhibited an annual CO2 trend of 2.31 ppm year−1, corresponding to a 17% increase in atmospheric CO2 during the study period. To further characterize anthropogenic CO2 sources, additional proxies of urban and industrial activities were analyzed: night‐time light (NTL) data for urbanization, NOx (NO + NO2) emissions for industrial activities, and atmospheric NO2 concentrations, as these species are co‐emitted during fossil‐fuel combustion. The combined analyses consistently identified major anthropogenic CO2 hotspots across India, with Sonbhadra and Vindhyachal emerging as the highest‐emitting coal mining and thermal power plant regions, respectively. The results also reveal that industrialization surpasses urbanization in contributing to enhanced emissions. To understand the climatic implications of CO2 emissions, ERA5 and IMD data sets were examined across Köppen climatic zones for the same period. The Tundra (ET) climatic zone is found to be rapidly warming and drying, whereas the Tropical Monsoon (Am) zone exhibits a favorable balance between dense vegetation and urbanization, resulting in minimal seasonal temperature variability. In contrast, the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) and National Capital Region (NCR) show significant increases in land surface temperatures during both day and night. Overall, the study highlights the need for region‐ and sector‐specific mitigation strategies for India, with particular attention to the IGP and NCR regions where warming trends are most pronounced. Plain Language Summary: Identifying anthropogenic CO2 hotspots and their environmental impacts are crucial for effective strategies to mitigate them. Thus, this study examines anthropogenic CO₂ hotspots over the Indian region using space‐borne and emission data of atmospheric CO2 and NO2 covering the period (2002–2024). The results indicate that CO₂ levels grew 2.31 ppm year⁻¹ over the Indian region, indicating a 17% increase in atmospheric CO2 during the study period. To determine the CO2 emission anthropogenic source type, proxies such as nighttime light data and NOx emissions were used in this study. This study identified anthropogenic CO2 hotspots with Sonbhadra and Vindhyachal as the highest emitting coal mining and thermal power plants in this study. Further, in this study, meteorology was investigated across Köppen climatic zones. The tundra climatic zone is warming and drying off swiftly, whereas the Tropical Monsoon zone is stable. Key Points: Examined anthropogenic CO2 hotspots with proxies such as Nighttime light data and oxides of NitrogenIdentified the crucial areas that require priority attention for region‐specific and sector‐specific policy developmentCO2 enhanced 17% in 2024 with a growth rate of 2.31 ppm year−1. The tundra‐like climatic zone of India is rapidly warming and desiccating [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1029/2025JD046124
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 21
        StartPage: 1
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Carbon emissions
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hot spots (Pollution)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Climatic zones
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Environmental management
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Climatology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmospheric nitrogen oxides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Urbanization
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Remote sensing of the atmosphere
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: India
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Long‐Term CO2 Emissions From Anthropogenic Sectors and Recent Climatology of India.
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              Text: 6/28/2026
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