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Integrated assessment of electrocoagulation efficiency, energy demand, and toxicity mitigation for Reactive Red BF-4B dye.

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Title: Integrated assessment of electrocoagulation efficiency, energy demand, and toxicity mitigation for Reactive Red BF-4B dye.
Authors: Dall'Oglio, Isabella Cristina1 (AUTHOR) isabelladalloglio@gmail.com, Espinoza-Quiñones, Fernando Rodolfo1 (AUTHOR), Lopes, Karina Moreira1 (AUTHOR), Trigueros, Daniela Estelita Goes1 (AUTHOR), Módenes, Aparecido Nivaldo1 (AUTHOR)
Source: Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering. 2026, Vol. 61 Issue 7, p518-527. 10p.
Subject Terms: *Wastewater treatment, *Energy consumption, *Toxicity testing, *Color removal (Sewage purification), Electrocoagulation (Chemistry), Chemical kinetics, Dyes & dyeing, Batch reactors
Abstract: This study evaluated the efficiency of electrocoagulation (EC) in the removal of Reactive Red BF-4B dye, also considering the energy consumption and residual toxicity of the treated wastewater. Batch reactor experiments were conducted using iron electrodes and different electrolytes, and a Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of pH, electrical conductivity, and operation time, with statistical significance assessed by ANOVA. Under optimized conditions, EC achieved over 99% color removal, with excellent model fitting (R2=0.970) and minimal pH influence. Kinetic analysis indicated rapid decolorization, while total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) removal required longer electrolysis times. Energy consumption remained moderate, reflecting a favorable balance between efficiency and operational cost. Bioassays with Artemia salina showed a significant reduction in acute toxicity, with the median lethal concentration (LC50) increasing from approximately 33% to 64% over the course of the treatment. These results demonstrate that electrocoagulation is a promising alternative for textile wastewater treatment, combining high efficiency in dye removal, reduction of organic load, and decreased toxicity, with low environmental impact and relevant for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Integrated assessment of electrocoagulation efficiency, energy demand, and toxicity mitigation for Reactive Red BF-4B dye.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dall'Oglio%2C+Isabella+Cristina%22">Dall'Oglio, Isabella Cristina</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> isabelladalloglio@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Espinoza-Quiñones%2C+Fernando+Rodolfo%22">Espinoza-Quiñones, Fernando Rodolfo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lopes%2C+Karina+Moreira%22">Lopes, Karina Moreira</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Trigueros%2C+Daniela+Estelita+Goes%22">Trigueros, Daniela Estelita Goes</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Módenes%2C+Aparecido+Nivaldo%22">Módenes, Aparecido Nivaldo</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)
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– Name: Subject
  Label: Subject Terms
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Wastewater+treatment%22">Wastewater treatment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Energy+consumption%22">Energy consumption</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Toxicity+testing%22">Toxicity testing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Color+removal+%28Sewage+purification%29%22">Color removal (Sewage purification)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Electrocoagulation+%28Chemistry%29%22">Electrocoagulation (Chemistry)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chemical+kinetics%22">Chemical kinetics</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Dyes+%26+dyeing%22">Dyes & dyeing</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Batch+reactors%22">Batch reactors</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study evaluated the efficiency of electrocoagulation (EC) in the removal of Reactive Red BF-4B dye, also considering the energy consumption and residual toxicity of the treated wastewater. Batch reactor experiments were conducted using iron electrodes and different electrolytes, and a Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of pH, electrical conductivity, and operation time, with statistical significance assessed by ANOVA. Under optimized conditions, EC achieved over 99% color removal, with excellent model fitting (R2=0.970) and minimal pH influence. Kinetic analysis indicated rapid decolorization, while total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) removal required longer electrolysis times. Energy consumption remained moderate, reflecting a favorable balance between efficiency and operational cost. Bioassays with Artemia salina showed a significant reduction in acute toxicity, with the median lethal concentration (LC50) increasing from approximately 33% to 64% over the course of the treatment. These results demonstrate that electrocoagulation is a promising alternative for textile wastewater treatment, combining high efficiency in dye removal, reduction of organic load, and decreased toxicity, with low environmental impact and relevant for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1080/10934529.2026.2664338
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 10
        StartPage: 518
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Wastewater treatment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Energy consumption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toxicity testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Color removal (Sewage purification)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electrocoagulation (Chemistry)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chemical kinetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dyes & dyeing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Batch reactors
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Integrated assessment of electrocoagulation efficiency, energy demand, and toxicity mitigation for Reactive Red BF-4B dye.
        Type: main
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          Name:
            NameFull: Dall'Oglio, Isabella Cristina
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            NameFull: Espinoza-Quiñones, Fernando Rodolfo
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            NameFull: Lopes, Karina Moreira
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            NameFull: Trigueros, Daniela Estelita Goes
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            NameFull: Módenes, Aparecido Nivaldo
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            – D: 15
              M: 06
              Text: 2026
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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              Value: 61
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              Value: 7
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            – TitleFull: Journal of Environmental Science & Health. Part A. Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
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