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Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder in the ECHO Consortium.

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Title: Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Autism Spectrum Disorder in the ECHO Consortium.
Authors: Ghassabian, Akhgar1 akhgar.ghassabian@nyulangone.org, Dickerson, Aisha S.2, Yuyan Wang3, Braun, Joseph M.4, Bennett, Deborah H.5, Croen, Lisa A.6, LeWinn, Kaja Z.7, Burris, Heather H.8,9, Habre, Rima10, Lyall, Kristen11, Frazier, Jean A.12, Glass, Hannah C.13, Hooper, Stephen R.14, Joseph, Robert M.15, Karr, Catherine J.16,17, Schmidt, Rebecca J.8,18, Friedman, Chloe19, Karagas, Margaret R.20, Stroustrup, Annemarie21,22, Straughen, Jennifer K.23,24
Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. Jul2026, Vol. 134 Issue 3, p324-334. 11p.
Subject Terms: *Air pollution, *Air pollutants, *Nitrogen compounds, *Environmental exposure, *Ozone, *Particulate matter, Autism risk factors, Risk assessment, Children's health, Random forest algorithms, Boosting algorithms, Prenatal exposure delayed effects, Maternal exposure, Secondary analysis, Research funding, Residential patterns, Logistic regression analysis, Sex distribution, Quantitative research, Descriptive statistics, Social responsibility, Duration of pregnancy, Odds ratio, Artificial neural networks, Mathematical models, Asperger's syndrome, Theory, Confidence intervals, Data analysis software, Children, Pregnancy
Geographic Terms: United States
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The relationship between prenatal exposure to low-level air pollution and child autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of prenatal air pollution exposure with autism. METHODS: We analyzed data from 8,035 mother-child pairs from 44 United States cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 8-h-max ozone (O3) levels were estimated at residential addresses during pregnancy. Parents rated children's autism-related traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) (mean age 9.4 years, SD = 3.6) and reported physician-diagnosed ASD. We examined associations of the three air pollutants with SRS scores (10th, 50th, and 90th quantiles) using quantile regression and with ASD diagnosis using logistic regression. Models were run within census divisions, and coefficients were pooled in a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Average (SD) pregnancy exposures were 9.3 μg/m³ (2.7) for PM2.5, 21.8 ppb (8.8) for NO2, and 40.3 ppb (5.5) for O3, with variations across census divisions. The median SRS T-score was 46 (IQR = 41 to 52), and 444 children (5.5%) had an ASD diagnosis. Higher PM2.5 was associated with higher SRS scores at the 10th quantile (β = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.09, 1.40) but not at the median or highest quantile. The association between PM2.5 and ASD diagnosis was highly heterogeneous, with associations present in the South Central, Mountain, and Pacific census divisions. Heterogeneity was also high in the association between NO2 and SRS at the median and only in the mid-Atlantic, West North Central, and South Atlantic census divisions. Higher O3 was associated with higher SRS scores at the median (β per IQR increment = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.61) and highest quantile (β = 2.19, 95% CI: 0.06, 4.32) in the metaanalysis. Higher O3 also was associated with ASD. DISCUSSION: Associations with ASD outcomes were present even at low levels of air pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: BACKGROUND: The relationship between prenatal exposure to low-level air pollution and child autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of prenatal air pollution exposure with autism. METHODS: We analyzed data from 8,035 mother-child pairs from 44 United States cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 8-h-max ozone (O3) levels were estimated at residential addresses during pregnancy. Parents rated children's autism-related traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) (mean age 9.4 years, SD = 3.6) and reported physician-diagnosed ASD. We examined associations of the three air pollutants with SRS scores (10th, 50th, and 90th quantiles) using quantile regression and with ASD diagnosis using logistic regression. Models were run within census divisions, and coefficients were pooled in a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Average (SD) pregnancy exposures were 9.3 μg/m³ (2.7) for PM2.5, 21.8 ppb (8.8) for NO2, and 40.3 ppb (5.5) for O3, with variations across census divisions. The median SRS T-score was 46 (IQR = 41 to 52), and 444 children (5.5%) had an ASD diagnosis. Higher PM2.5 was associated with higher SRS scores at the 10th quantile (β = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.09, 1.40) but not at the median or highest quantile. The association between PM2.5 and ASD diagnosis was highly heterogeneous, with associations present in the South Central, Mountain, and Pacific census divisions. Heterogeneity was also high in the association between NO2 and SRS at the median and only in the mid-Atlantic, West North Central, and South Atlantic census divisions. Higher O3 was associated with higher SRS scores at the median (β per IQR increment = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.61) and highest quantile (β = 2.19, 95% CI: 0.06, 4.32) in the metaanalysis. Higher O3 also was associated with ASD. DISCUSSION: Associations with ASD outcomes were present even at low levels of air pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1021/EHP.6c00106
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Air pollution
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Air pollutants
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      – SubjectFull: Nitrogen compounds
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      – SubjectFull: Random forest algorithms
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      – SubjectFull: Boosting algorithms
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      – SubjectFull: Prenatal exposure delayed effects
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