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Rapid measurement of emissions from military aircraft turbine engines by downstream extractive sampling of aircraft on the ground: Results for C-130 and F-15 aircraft

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Title: Rapid measurement of emissions from military aircraft turbine engines by downstream extractive sampling of aircraft on the ground: Results for C-130 and F-15 aircraft
Authors: Spicer, Chester W.1 spiceair@columbus.rr.com, Holdren, Michael W.2, Cowen, Kenneth A.3, Joseph, Darrell W.3, Satola, Jan3, Goodwin, Bradley3, Mayfield, Howard4, Laskin, Alexander5, Lizabeth Alexander, M.5, Ortega, John V.6, Newburn, Matthew5, Kagann, Robert7, Hashmonay, Ram7
Source: Atmospheric Environment. May2009, Vol. 43 Issue 16, p2612-2622. 11p.
Subject Terms: *Emissions (Air pollution), *Air pollution measurement, *Air pollution monitoring, *Carbon dioxide & the environment, *Carbon monoxide & the environment, *Nitric oxide & the environment, Aircraft gas turbines, Hercules (Turboprop transports), Black Widow (Night fighter plane)
Abstract: Aircraft emissions affect air quality on scales from local to global. More than 20% of the jet fuel used in the U.S. is consumed by military aircraft, and emissions from this source are facing increasingly stringent environmental regulations, so improved methods for quickly and accurately determining emissions from existing and new engines are needed. This paper reports results of a study to advance the methods used for detailed characterization of military aircraft emissions, and provides emission factors for two aircraft: the F-15 fighter and the C-130 cargo plane. The measurements involved outdoor ground-level sampling downstream behind operational military aircraft. This permits rapid change-out of the aircraft so that engines can be tested quickly on operational aircraft. Measurements were made at throttle settings from idle to afterburner using a simple extractive probe in the dilute exhaust. Emission factors determined using this approach agree very well with those from the traditional method of extractive sampling at the exhaust exit. Emission factors are reported for CO2, CO, NO, NO x , and more than 60 hazardous and/or reactive organic gases. Particle size, mass and composition also were measured and are being reported separately. Comparison of the emissions of nine hazardous air pollutants from these two engines with emissions from nine other aircraft engines is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: GreenFILE
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PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: Rapid measurement of emissions from military aircraft turbine engines by downstream extractive sampling of aircraft on the ground: Results for C-130 and F-15 aircraft
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Spicer%2C+Chester+W%2E%22">Spicer, Chester W.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> spiceair@columbus.rr.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holdren%2C+Michael+W%2E%22">Holdren, Michael W.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Cowen%2C+Kenneth+A%2E%22">Cowen, Kenneth A.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Joseph%2C+Darrell+W%2E%22">Joseph, Darrell W.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Satola%2C+Jan%22">Satola, Jan</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Goodwin%2C+Bradley%22">Goodwin, Bradley</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Mayfield%2C+Howard%22">Mayfield, Howard</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Laskin%2C+Alexander%22">Laskin, Alexander</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lizabeth+Alexander%2C+M%2E%22">Lizabeth Alexander, M.</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ortega%2C+John+V%2E%22">Ortega, John V.</searchLink><relatesTo>6</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Newburn%2C+Matthew%22">Newburn, Matthew</searchLink><relatesTo>5</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kagann%2C+Robert%22">Kagann, Robert</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Hashmonay%2C+Ram%22">Hashmonay, Ram</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Atmospheric+Environment%22">Atmospheric Environment</searchLink>. May2009, Vol. 43 Issue 16, p2612-2622. 11p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Emissions+%28Air+pollution%29%22">Emissions (Air pollution)</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Air+pollution+measurement%22">Air pollution measurement</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Air+pollution+monitoring%22">Air pollution monitoring</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+dioxide+%26+the+environment%22">Carbon dioxide & the environment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Carbon+monoxide+%26+the+environment%22">Carbon monoxide & the environment</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nitric+oxide+%26+the+environment%22">Nitric oxide & the environment</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Aircraft+gas+turbines%22">Aircraft gas turbines</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Hercules+%28Turboprop+transports%29%22">Hercules (Turboprop transports)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Black+Widow+%28Night+fighter+plane%29%22">Black Widow (Night fighter plane)</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aircraft emissions affect air quality on scales from local to global. More than 20% of the jet fuel used in the U.S. is consumed by military aircraft, and emissions from this source are facing increasingly stringent environmental regulations, so improved methods for quickly and accurately determining emissions from existing and new engines are needed. This paper reports results of a study to advance the methods used for detailed characterization of military aircraft emissions, and provides emission factors for two aircraft: the F-15 fighter and the C-130 cargo plane. The measurements involved outdoor ground-level sampling downstream behind operational military aircraft. This permits rapid change-out of the aircraft so that engines can be tested quickly on operational aircraft. Measurements were made at throttle settings from idle to afterburner using a simple extractive probe in the dilute exhaust. Emission factors determined using this approach agree very well with those from the traditional method of extractive sampling at the exhaust exit. Emission factors are reported for CO2, CO, NO, NO x , and more than 60 hazardous and/or reactive organic gases. Particle size, mass and composition also were measured and are being reported separately. Comparison of the emissions of nine hazardous air pollutants from these two engines with emissions from nine other aircraft engines is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Atmospheric Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=8gh&AN=37824185
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.012
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        PageCount: 11
        StartPage: 2612
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Emissions (Air pollution)
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Air pollution measurement
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Air pollution monitoring
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon dioxide & the environment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carbon monoxide & the environment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitric oxide & the environment
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aircraft gas turbines
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      – SubjectFull: Hercules (Turboprop transports)
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      – SubjectFull: Black Widow (Night fighter plane)
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      – TitleFull: Rapid measurement of emissions from military aircraft turbine engines by downstream extractive sampling of aircraft on the ground: Results for C-130 and F-15 aircraft
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              M: 05
              Text: May2009
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