What's in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water.
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| Title: | What's in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water. |
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| Authors: | Richardson, Susan D.1 (AUTHOR) richardson.susan@epa.gov, DeMarini, David M.2 (AUTHOR), Kogevinas, Manolis3,4,5,6 (AUTHOR), Fernandez, Pilar7 (AUTHOR), Marco, Esther7 (AUTHOR), Lourencetti, Carolina7 (AUTHOR), Ballesté, Clara7 (AUTHOR), Heederik, Dick8 (AUTHOR), Meliefste, Kees8 (AUTHOR), McKague, A.Bruce9 (AUTHOR), Marcos, Ricard10 (AUTHOR), Font-Ribera, Laia3,4 (AUTHOR), Grimalt, Joan O.7 (AUTHOR), Villanueva, Cristina M.3,4,5 (AUTHOR) |
| Source: | Environmental Health Perspectives. Nov2010, Vol. 118 Issue 11, p1523-1530. 8p. 4 Charts, 2 Graphs. |
| Subject Terms: | *Disinfection by-product, *Mutagenicity testing, *Asthma, *Chlorine, *Bromine, Swimming pools |
| Geographic Terms: | Catalonia (Spain), Spain |
| Abstract: | BACKGROUND: Swimming pool disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been linked to human health effects, including asthma and bladder cancer, but no studies have provided a comprehensive identification of DBPs in the water and related that to mutagenicity. OBJECTIVES: We performed a comprehensive identification of DBPs and disinfectant species in waters from public swimming pools in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that disinfect with either chlorine or bromine and we determined the mutagenicity of the waters to compare with the analytical results. METHODS: We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to measure trihalomethanes in water, GC with electron capture detection for air, low- and high-resolution GC/MS to comprehensively identify DBPs, photometry to measure disinfectant species (free chlorine, monochloroamine, dichloramine, and trichloramine) in the waters, and an ion chromatography method to measure trichloramine in air. We assessed mutagenicity with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. RESULTS: We identified > 100 DBPs, including many nitrogen-containing DBPs that were likely formed from nitrogen-containing precursors from human inputs, such as urine, sweat, and skin cells. Many DBPs were new and have not been reported previously in either swimming pool or drinking waters. Bromoform levels were greater in brominated than in chlorinated pool waters, but we also identified many brominated DBPs in the chlorinated waters. The pool waters were mutagenic at levels similar to that of drinking water (~ 1,200 revertants/L-equivalents in strain TA100-S9 mix). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified many new DBPs not identified previously in swimming pool or drinking water and found that swimming pool waters are as mutagenic as typical drinking waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | GreenFILE |
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| Header | DbId: 8gh DbLabel: GreenFILE An: 55605253 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: What's in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Richardson%2C+Susan+D%2E%22">Richardson, Susan D.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<i> richardson.susan@epa.gov</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22DeMarini%2C+David+M%2E%22">DeMarini, David M.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kogevinas%2C+Manolis%22">Kogevinas, Manolis</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4,5,6</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernandez%2C+Pilar%22">Fernandez, Pilar</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marco%2C+Esther%22">Marco, Esther</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lourencetti%2C+Carolina%22">Lourencetti, Carolina</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ballest%26eacute%2C+Clara%22">Ballest&eacute, Clara</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Heederik%2C+Dick%22">Heederik, Dick</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Meliefste%2C+Kees%22">Meliefste, Kees</searchLink><relatesTo>8</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22McKague%2C+A%2EBruce%22">McKague, A.Bruce</searchLink><relatesTo>9</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Marcos%2C+Ricard%22">Marcos, Ricard</searchLink><relatesTo>10</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Font-Ribera%2C+Laia%22">Font-Ribera, Laia</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Grimalt%2C+Joan+O%2E%22">Grimalt, Joan O.</searchLink><relatesTo>7</relatesTo> (AUTHOR)<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Villanueva%2C+Cristina+M%2E%22">Villanueva, Cristina M.</searchLink><relatesTo>3,4,5</relatesTo> (AUTHOR) – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Health+Perspectives%22">Environmental Health Perspectives</searchLink>. Nov2010, Vol. 118 Issue 11, p1523-1530. 8p. 4 Charts, 2 Graphs. – Name: Subject Label: Subject Terms Group: Su Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Disinfection+by-product%22">Disinfection by-product</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mutagenicity+testing%22">Mutagenicity testing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Asthma%22">Asthma</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Chlorine%22">Chlorine</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Bromine%22">Bromine</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Swimming+pools%22">Swimming pools</searchLink> – Name: SubjectGeographic Label: Geographic Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Catalonia+%28Spain%29%22">Catalonia (Spain)</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Spain%22">Spain</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: BACKGROUND: Swimming pool disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been linked to human health effects, including asthma and bladder cancer, but no studies have provided a comprehensive identification of DBPs in the water and related that to mutagenicity. OBJECTIVES: We performed a comprehensive identification of DBPs and disinfectant species in waters from public swimming pools in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that disinfect with either chlorine or bromine and we determined the mutagenicity of the waters to compare with the analytical results. METHODS: We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to measure trihalomethanes in water, GC with electron capture detection for air, low- and high-resolution GC/MS to comprehensively identify DBPs, photometry to measure disinfectant species (free chlorine, monochloroamine, dichloramine, and trichloramine) in the waters, and an ion chromatography method to measure trichloramine in air. We assessed mutagenicity with the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. RESULTS: We identified > 100 DBPs, including many nitrogen-containing DBPs that were likely formed from nitrogen-containing precursors from human inputs, such as urine, sweat, and skin cells. Many DBPs were new and have not been reported previously in either swimming pool or drinking waters. Bromoform levels were greater in brominated than in chlorinated pool waters, but we also identified many brominated DBPs in the chlorinated waters. The pool waters were mutagenic at levels similar to that of drinking water (~ 1,200 revertants/L-equivalents in strain TA100-S9 mix). CONCLUSIONS: This study identified many new DBPs not identified previously in swimming pool or drinking water and found that swimming pool waters are as mutagenic as typical drinking waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Health Perspectives is the property of National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1289/ehp.1001965 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 8 StartPage: 1523 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Disinfection by-product Type: general – SubjectFull: Mutagenicity testing Type: general – SubjectFull: Asthma Type: general – SubjectFull: Chlorine Type: general – SubjectFull: Bromine Type: general – SubjectFull: Swimming pools Type: general – SubjectFull: Catalonia (Spain) Type: general – SubjectFull: Spain Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: What's in the Pool? A Comprehensive Identification of Disinfection By-products and Assessment of Mutagenicity of Chlorinated and Brominated Swimming Pool Water. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Richardson, Susan D. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: DeMarini, David M. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kogevinas, Manolis – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Fernandez, Pilar – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Marco, Esther – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lourencetti, Carolina – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ballesté, Clara – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Heederik, Dick – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Meliefste, Kees – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: McKague, A.Bruce – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Marcos, Ricard – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Font-Ribera, Laia – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Grimalt, Joan O. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Villanueva, Cristina M. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 11 Text: Nov2010 Type: published Y: 2010 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 00916765 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 118 – Type: issue Value: 11 Titles: – TitleFull: Environmental Health Perspectives Type: main |
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