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Comprehensive assessment of the photomutagenicity, photogenotoxicity and photo(cyto)toxicity of azulene

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Title: Comprehensive assessment of the photomutagenicity, photogenotoxicity and photo(cyto)toxicity of azulene
Authors: Struwe, M. melanie.struwe@roche.com, Csato, M.1, Singer, T.1, Gocke, E.1
Source: Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology & Environmental Mutagenesis. Aug2011, Vol. 723 Issue 2, p129-133. 5p.
Subject Terms: *Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, *Mutagenicity testing, *Genetic toxicology, *Irradiation, Cytometry, Salmonella typhimurium, DNA damage, Reactive oxygen species
Abstract: Abstract: The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon azulene and its naturally occurring derivative guaiazulene (1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene) are known to absorb light in the UV–vis region of the spectrum. Both compounds were reported to be mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium bacterial mutagenicity assay (Ames test) in strain TA102, and to cause DNA damage in the comet assay in vitro upon exposure to UVA light. In contrast, another study reported a photoprotective effect in vitro of guaiazulene. We present here a comprehensive assessment of the photo(cyto)toxicity (3T3 fibroblast Neutral Red uptake test), the photomutagenicity (Ames test) and photogenotoxicity (comet assay and micronucleus test in L5178Y cells in vitro) of azulene. In the Ames test, the mutagenicity of azulene was assessed in the presence and absence of UV light by use of the Salmonella strains TA102, TA104, TA2638 and E. coli WP2. Azulene was irradiated before being plated with bacteria (pre-irradiation), or concomitantly with the bacteria either after plating or while in suspension. Guaiazulene was included in some of the experiments. Neither in the photo-Ames test nor in the other photogenotoxicity tests, azulene or guaiazulene showed any photomutagenic or photogenotoxic activity. Weak photo(cyto)toxicity (estimate of PIF≥1.67) was observed with azulene in the 3T3 NRU test, the Alamar Blue test and the relative cell count, which may be due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, as reported recently. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology & Environmental Mutagenesis is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Comprehensive assessment of the photomutagenicity, photogenotoxicity and photo(cyto)toxicity of azulene
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Struwe%2C+M%2E%22">Struwe, M.</searchLink><i> melanie.struwe@roche.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Csato%2C+M%2E%22">Csato, M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Singer%2C+T%2E%22">Singer, T.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gocke%2C+E%2E%22">Gocke, E.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Mutation+Research+-+Genetic+Toxicology+%26+Environmental+Mutagenesis%22">Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology & Environmental Mutagenesis</searchLink>. Aug2011, Vol. 723 Issue 2, p129-133. 5p.
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons%22">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Mutagenicity+testing%22">Mutagenicity testing</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Genetic+toxicology%22">Genetic toxicology</searchLink><br />*<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Irradiation%22">Irradiation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cytometry%22">Cytometry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Salmonella+typhimurium%22">Salmonella typhimurium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22DNA+damage%22">DNA damage</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reactive+oxygen+species%22">Reactive oxygen species</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Abstract: The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon azulene and its naturally occurring derivative guaiazulene (1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene) are known to absorb light in the UV–vis region of the spectrum. Both compounds were reported to be mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium bacterial mutagenicity assay (Ames test) in strain TA102, and to cause DNA damage in the comet assay in vitro upon exposure to UVA light. In contrast, another study reported a photoprotective effect in vitro of guaiazulene. We present here a comprehensive assessment of the photo(cyto)toxicity (3T3 fibroblast Neutral Red uptake test), the photomutagenicity (Ames test) and photogenotoxicity (comet assay and micronucleus test in L5178Y cells in vitro) of azulene. In the Ames test, the mutagenicity of azulene was assessed in the presence and absence of UV light by use of the Salmonella strains TA102, TA104, TA2638 and E. coli WP2. Azulene was irradiated before being plated with bacteria (pre-irradiation), or concomitantly with the bacteria either after plating or while in suspension. Guaiazulene was included in some of the experiments. Neither in the photo-Ames test nor in the other photogenotoxicity tests, azulene or guaiazulene showed any photomutagenic or photogenotoxic activity. Weak photo(cyto)toxicity (estimate of PIF≥1.67) was observed with azulene in the 3T3 NRU test, the Alamar Blue test and the relative cell count, which may be due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, as reported recently. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology & Environmental Mutagenesis is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.017
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        StartPage: 129
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      – SubjectFull: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mutagenicity testing
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genetic toxicology
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      – SubjectFull: Irradiation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cytometry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Salmonella typhimurium
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA damage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reactive oxygen species
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Comprehensive assessment of the photomutagenicity, photogenotoxicity and photo(cyto)toxicity of azulene
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              Text: Aug2011
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