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Nano-domain behaviour in P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles, relating material properties to morphological changes.

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Title: Nano-domain behaviour in P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles, relating material properties to morphological changes.
Authors: Holmes, Natalie P.1, Burke, Kerry B.1, Sista, Prakash2, Barr, Matthew1, Magurudeniya, Harsha D.2, Stefan, Mihaela C.2, Kilcoyne, A.L.David3, Zhou, Xiaojing1, Dastoor, Paul C.1, Belcher, Warwick J.1 warwick.belcher@newcastle.edu.au
Source: Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. Oct2013, Vol. 117, p437-445. 9p.
Subject Terms: *Diffusion, Organic thin films, Molecular weights, Nanoparticle synthesis, Transmission electron microscopy, Annealing of metals
Abstract: Abstract: In this article we report a morphological study of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) material system in nanoparticle organic thin films. The morphology and chemical composition of unannealed and annealed P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles has been investigated using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) for a range of P3HT molecular weights (M w=5–72kgmol−1). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to support the STXM data. We find that unannealed P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a common core–shell morphology, with a PCBM-rich core and P3HT-rich shell. The morphology of the thermally annealed NP films is highly dependent upon the molecular weight of the P3HT and is determined by PCBM diffusion through the P3HT matrix. Two PCBM diffusion mechanisms operate within this system: (1) at high molecular weights diffusion of molecular PCBM dominates whilst, (2) at low molecular weights diffusion of the PCBM cores is significant. The Stokes–Einstein continuum model for diffusion has been used to determine a threshold molecular weight at which the diffusion of PCBM cores is activated in these films. The calculated value (M w~38–25kgmol−1) is shown to agree very well with experimental observations. Finally, a model for the morphological evolution of annealed P3HT:PCBM NP films is developed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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DbLabel: GreenFILE
An: 90104474
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  Data: Nano-domain behaviour in P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles, relating material properties to morphological changes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Holmes%2C+Natalie+P%2E%22">Holmes, Natalie P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Burke%2C+Kerry+B%2E%22">Burke, Kerry B.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sista%2C+Prakash%22">Sista, Prakash</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Barr%2C+Matthew%22">Barr, Matthew</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Magurudeniya%2C+Harsha+D%2E%22">Magurudeniya, Harsha D.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Stefan%2C+Mihaela+C%2E%22">Stefan, Mihaela C.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kilcoyne%2C+A%2EL%2EDavid%22">Kilcoyne, A.L.David</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Xiaojing%22">Zhou, Xiaojing</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Dastoor%2C+Paul+C%2E%22">Dastoor, Paul C.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Belcher%2C+Warwick+J%2E%22">Belcher, Warwick J.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> warwick.belcher@newcastle.edu.au</i>
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Diffusion%22">Diffusion</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Organic+thin+films%22">Organic thin films</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Molecular+weights%22">Molecular weights</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Nanoparticle+synthesis%22">Nanoparticle synthesis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Transmission+electron+microscopy%22">Transmission electron microscopy</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Annealing+of+metals%22">Annealing of metals</searchLink>
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  Data: Abstract: In this article we report a morphological study of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) material system in nanoparticle organic thin films. The morphology and chemical composition of unannealed and annealed P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles has been investigated using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) for a range of P3HT molecular weights (M w=5–72kgmol−1). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to support the STXM data. We find that unannealed P3HT:PCBM nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit a common core–shell morphology, with a PCBM-rich core and P3HT-rich shell. The morphology of the thermally annealed NP films is highly dependent upon the molecular weight of the P3HT and is determined by PCBM diffusion through the P3HT matrix. Two PCBM diffusion mechanisms operate within this system: (1) at high molecular weights diffusion of molecular PCBM dominates whilst, (2) at low molecular weights diffusion of the PCBM cores is significant. The Stokes–Einstein continuum model for diffusion has been used to determine a threshold molecular weight at which the diffusion of PCBM cores is activated in these films. The calculated value (M w~38–25kgmol−1) is shown to agree very well with experimental observations. Finally, a model for the morphological evolution of annealed P3HT:PCBM NP films is developed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.solmat.2013.06.003
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      – SubjectFull: Transmission electron microscopy
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      – SubjectFull: Annealing of metals
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