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Surface potential on grain boundaries and intragrains of highly efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-films grown by two-step sputtering process.

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Title: Surface potential on grain boundaries and intragrains of highly efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-films grown by two-step sputtering process.
Authors: Kim, Gee Yeong1, Jeong, Ah Reum1, Kim, Ju Ri1, Jo, William1 wmjo@ewha.ac.kr, Son, Dae-Ho2, Kim, Dae-Hwan2, Kang, Jin-Kyu2
Source: Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. Aug2014, Vol. 127, p129-135. 7p.
Subject Terms: *Solar cells, Crystal grain boundaries, Copper compounds, Surface chemistry, Thin films, Reactive sputtering, Annealing of metals
Abstract: Abstract: Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin-film solar cells are prepared by stacking sputtering of precursors and annealing at Se atmosphere. We achieved the highest conversion efficiency of a CZTSSe thin-film solar cell with 8.06%. Local electrical properties of the CZTSSe films were investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy. We studied samples which show conversion efficiencies between 3.17% and 8.06%. The CZTSSe thin-film with the highest efficiency exhibits predominantly downward potential bending at grain boundaries (GBs) and upward potential bending at intragrains (IGs). On the other hand, the film with the lowest efficiency shows the opposite behaviors that downward potential bending at GBs and upward potential bending in many regions of IGs. The downward potential bending allows minority carrier collection and reduces recombination at GBs, consequently, enhance current in the solar cell devices. However, some of the GBs possesses deep-level traps so they behave as a hurdle for charge transport, which can be compensated with the carrier motion in the IGs. The results suggest that the potential variations on the GBs and IGs are significantly linked to the carrier transport and device characteristics in the solar cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
Copyright of Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Surface potential on grain boundaries and intragrains of highly efficient Cu<subscript>2</subscript>ZnSn(S,Se)<subscript>4</subscript> thin-films grown by two-step sputtering process.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Gee+Yeong%22">Kim, Gee Yeong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jeong%2C+Ah+Reum%22">Jeong, Ah Reum</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Ju+Ri%22">Kim, Ju Ri</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jo%2C+William%22">Jo, William</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> wmjo@ewha.ac.kr</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Son%2C+Dae-Ho%22">Son, Dae-Ho</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Dae-Hwan%22">Kim, Dae-Hwan</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kang%2C+Jin-Kyu%22">Kang, Jin-Kyu</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Solar+Energy+Materials+%26+Solar+Cells%22">Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells</searchLink>. Aug2014, Vol. 127, p129-135. 7p.
– Name: Subject
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  Data: *<searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Solar+cells%22">Solar cells</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Crystal+grain+boundaries%22">Crystal grain boundaries</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Copper+compounds%22">Copper compounds</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Surface+chemistry%22">Surface chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Thin+films%22">Thin films</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Reactive+sputtering%22">Reactive sputtering</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Annealing+of+metals%22">Annealing of metals</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Abstract: Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin-film solar cells are prepared by stacking sputtering of precursors and annealing at Se atmosphere. We achieved the highest conversion efficiency of a CZTSSe thin-film solar cell with 8.06%. Local electrical properties of the CZTSSe films were investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy. We studied samples which show conversion efficiencies between 3.17% and 8.06%. The CZTSSe thin-film with the highest efficiency exhibits predominantly downward potential bending at grain boundaries (GBs) and upward potential bending at intragrains (IGs). On the other hand, the film with the lowest efficiency shows the opposite behaviors that downward potential bending at GBs and upward potential bending in many regions of IGs. The downward potential bending allows minority carrier collection and reduces recombination at GBs, consequently, enhance current in the solar cell devices. However, some of the GBs possesses deep-level traps so they behave as a hurdle for charge transport, which can be compensated with the carrier motion in the IGs. The results suggest that the potential variations on the GBs and IGs are significantly linked to the carrier transport and device characteristics in the solar cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.solmat.2014.04.019
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 129
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Solar cells
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Crystal grain boundaries
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Copper compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Surface chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Thin films
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reactive sputtering
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Annealing of metals
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Surface potential on grain boundaries and intragrains of highly efficient Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-films grown by two-step sputtering process.
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            NameFull: Kim, Gee Yeong
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            NameFull: Jeong, Ah Reum
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            NameFull: Kim, Ju Ri
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            NameFull: Jo, William
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            NameFull: Son, Dae-Ho
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            NameFull: Kim, Dae-Hwan
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            NameFull: Kang, Jin-Kyu
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: Aug2014
              Type: published
              Y: 2014
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            – Type: issn-print
              Value: 09270248
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            – Type: volume
              Value: 127
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            – TitleFull: Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells
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