An incoherent feedforward loop formed by SirA/BarA, HilE and HilD is involved in controlling the growth cost of virulence factor expression by Salmonella Typhimurium. - Pérez-Morales, Deyanira; Nava-Galeana, Jessica; Rosales-Reyes, Roberto; Teehan, Paige; Yakhnin, Helen; Melchy-Pérez, Erika I.; Rosenstein, Yvonne; De la Cruz, Miguel A.; Babitzke, Paul; Bustamante, Víctor H. (PLoS Pathogens, 2021)