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Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.

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Title: Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.
Authors: Cales, Richard H.1,2 (AUTHOR) rcales@nulease.com, Bishop, Campbell L.1 (AUTHOR), Huecker, Martin R.1 (AUTHOR), Shreffler, Jacob1 (AUTHOR), Eisenstat, Matthew D.1 (AUTHOR), Troutt, D. J.2 (AUTHOR)
Source: Harm Reduction Journal. 11/18/2025, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p1-13. 13p.
Database: Academic Search Ultimate
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  Data: Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Harm+Reduction+Journal%22">Harm Reduction Journal</searchLink>. 11/18/2025, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p1-13. 13p.
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=asn&AN=189389611
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        Value: 10.1186/s12954-025-01335-4
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        Text: English
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      – TitleFull: Harm reduction in the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic: A case series investigation of the effectiveness of definitive vs presumptive urine drug testing for opioid use disorder with co-occurring polysubstance use.
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            NameFull: Bishop, Campbell L.
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              Text: 11/18/2025
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              Y: 2025
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