APA (7th ed.) Citation

Shen, Z., & Xue, J. (2026). Why industrial catching-upper usually fails? A tradeoff model among independent or cooperative R&D, technology licencing and acquisition. Applied Economics, 58(9), 1690. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2025.2470440

Chicago Style (17th ed.) Citation

Shen, Zheliang, and Jun Xue. "Why Industrial Catching-upper Usually Fails? A Tradeoff Model Among Independent or Cooperative R&D, Technology Licencing and Acquisition." Applied Economics 58, no. 9 (2026): 1690. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2025.2470440.

MLA (9th ed.) Citation

Shen, Zheliang, and Jun Xue. "Why Industrial Catching-upper Usually Fails? A Tradeoff Model Among Independent or Cooperative R&D, Technology Licencing and Acquisition." Applied Economics, vol. 58, no. 9, 2026, p. 1690, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2025.2470440.