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Water hardness and eczema at 1 and 4 y of age in the INMA birth cohort.

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Title: Water hardness and eczema at 1 and 4 y of age in the INMA birth cohort.
Authors: Font-Ribera, Laia1,2,3,4 lfont@creal.cat, Gracia-Lavedan, Esther1,2,3 egracia@creal.cat, Esplugues, Ana4,5 esplugues_ana@gva.es, Ballester, Ferran4,5 ballester_fer@gva.es, Jiménez Zabala, Ana6,7 mambien1-san@euskadi.eus, Santa Marina, Loreto4,6,7 ambien4ss-san@ej-gv.es, Fernández-Somoano, Ana4,8 capua.uo@uniovi.es, Sunyer, Jordi1,2,3,4 jsunyer@creal.cat, Villanueva, Cristina M.1,2,3,4 cvillanueva@creal.cat
Source: Environmental Research. Oct2015, Vol. 142, p579-585. 7p.
Subjects: Eczema -- Risk factors, Water hardness, Cohort analysis, Juvenile diseases, Calcium carbonate, Atopic dermatitis
Abstract: Background : Exposure to hard water has been suggested as a risk factor for eczema in childhood, based on limited evidence from two ecologic and two cross-sectional studies. Objectives : We evaluate this hypothesis for the first time in early infancy using prospective data from a mother–child cohort study. Methods : We used data from the INMA cohorts in Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia, Spain ( N =1638). Current and ever eczema, bathing frequency and duration and covariables were collected by questionnaires at 14 months (14 m) and 4 years (4 y). Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) level in municipal water was assigned to home addresses at birth, 14 m and 4 y. We calculated Odds Ratio (OR) of eczema related to CaCO 3 at home, bath exposure and a combination of both. Results : Prevalence of eczema ever was 18.4% at 14 m and 33.4% at 4 y. Mean CaCO 3 ranged from 51.6 to 272.8 mg/L among areas. No association was detected between water hardness at home and current or ever eczema. Adjusted OR was 0.79 (95%CI=0.45, 1.39) at 14 m and 0.93 (0.56, 1.52) at 4 y among children in the highest vs. lowest tertiles of CaCO 3 . Bath exposure alone or in combination with water hardness did not increase the OR of eczema at 14 m or 4 y either. Conclusions : We did not find an association between eczema and water hardness at home or bathing exposure during the first four years of life. This first cohort study in a critical age period with improved exposure assessment does not confirm the association suggested among children by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
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  Data: Water hardness and eczema at 1 and 4 y of age in the INMA birth cohort.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Font-Ribera%2C+Laia%22">Font-Ribera, Laia</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo><i> lfont@creal.cat</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gracia-Lavedan%2C+Esther%22">Gracia-Lavedan, Esther</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3</relatesTo><i> egracia@creal.cat</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Esplugues%2C+Ana%22">Esplugues, Ana</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo><i> esplugues_ana@gva.es</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Ballester%2C+Ferran%22">Ballester, Ferran</searchLink><relatesTo>4,5</relatesTo><i> ballester_fer@gva.es</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Jiménez+Zabala%2C+Ana%22">Jiménez Zabala, Ana</searchLink><relatesTo>6,7</relatesTo><i> mambien1-san@euskadi.eus</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Santa+Marina%2C+Loreto%22">Santa Marina, Loreto</searchLink><relatesTo>4,6,7</relatesTo><i> ambien4ss-san@ej-gv.es</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fernández-Somoano%2C+Ana%22">Fernández-Somoano, Ana</searchLink><relatesTo>4,8</relatesTo><i> capua.uo@uniovi.es</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Sunyer%2C+Jordi%22">Sunyer, Jordi</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo><i> jsunyer@creal.cat</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Villanueva%2C+Cristina+M%2E%22">Villanueva, Cristina M.</searchLink><relatesTo>1,2,3,4</relatesTo><i> cvillanueva@creal.cat</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Environmental+Research%22">Environmental Research</searchLink>. Oct2015, Vol. 142, p579-585. 7p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Eczema+--+Risk+factors%22">Eczema -- Risk factors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+hardness%22">Water hardness</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Cohort+analysis%22">Cohort analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Juvenile+diseases%22">Juvenile diseases</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Calcium+carbonate%22">Calcium carbonate</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Atopic+dermatitis%22">Atopic dermatitis</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background : Exposure to hard water has been suggested as a risk factor for eczema in childhood, based on limited evidence from two ecologic and two cross-sectional studies. Objectives : We evaluate this hypothesis for the first time in early infancy using prospective data from a mother–child cohort study. Methods : We used data from the INMA cohorts in Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia, Spain ( N =1638). Current and ever eczema, bathing frequency and duration and covariables were collected by questionnaires at 14 months (14 m) and 4 years (4 y). Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) level in municipal water was assigned to home addresses at birth, 14 m and 4 y. We calculated Odds Ratio (OR) of eczema related to CaCO 3 at home, bath exposure and a combination of both. Results : Prevalence of eczema ever was 18.4% at 14 m and 33.4% at 4 y. Mean CaCO 3 ranged from 51.6 to 272.8 mg/L among areas. No association was detected between water hardness at home and current or ever eczema. Adjusted OR was 0.79 (95%CI=0.45, 1.39) at 14 m and 0.93 (0.56, 1.52) at 4 y among children in the highest vs. lowest tertiles of CaCO 3 . Bath exposure alone or in combination with water hardness did not increase the OR of eczema at 14 m or 4 y either. Conclusions : We did not find an association between eczema and water hardness at home or bathing exposure during the first four years of life. This first cohort study in a critical age period with improved exposure assessment does not confirm the association suggested among children by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
– Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright
  Label:
  Group: Ab
  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.013
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 7
        StartPage: 579
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Eczema -- Risk factors
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water hardness
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cohort analysis
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      – SubjectFull: Juvenile diseases
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      – SubjectFull: Calcium carbonate
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      – SubjectFull: Atopic dermatitis
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              Text: Oct2015
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