Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles.
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| Title: | Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles. |
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| Authors: | Licht, Christina, Peiró, Laura Talens, Villalba, Gara |
| Source: | Journal of Industrial Ecology. Oct2015, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p890-903. 14p. 4 Diagrams, 1 Chart. |
| Subjects: | Stock-flow analysis, Gallium, Germanium, Indium, Industrial ecology |
| Abstract: | This study provides a global substance flow analysis for gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and indium (In) for 2011, quantifying the amount of metal lost during extraction, beneficiation/smelting/refining, manufacturing of intermediate products, and the amount embodied in end-use products. Thus far, studies illustrating their cradle to end-use life cycle on a global scale are either missing or outdated, and thus opportunities to increase their supply remain unknown and/or not quantified. The results illustrate the losses and inefficiencies stages, thereby identifying potential additional supply by process improvement, recovery, and recycling. Results show that there are significant opportunities to meet future demand of Ga and Ge by concentrating recovery efforts in the extraction and beneficiation/smelting/refining stages. Further, 1.4% Ga, 0.7% Ge, and 54% In of the theoretical available amount in the attractor ores are extracted to meet the primary refined demand in 2011. Of the 9,065 tonnes (t) of Ga embodied in the Bayer liquor (from aluminum production), only 263 t are refined. This is owing to low capacities of Ga refining, combined with a refining efficiency of 60%. Ge presents a similar case for the same reasons, in which only 43 t of Ge of the 7,636 t of Ge available from zinc leach residue are refined. Meeting future In demand, on the other hand, will require greater efforts in increasing end-of-life recycling. Process efficiencies for Ga (46%), Ge (56%), and In (78%) demonstrate further potential. We quantify the flows into use by distinguishing among dissipative and nondissipative end uses, as well as the recyclable fraction for each metal for 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Journal of Industrial Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 110428046 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Licht%2C+Christina%22">Licht, Christina</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Peiró%2C+Laura+Talens%22">Peiró, Laura Talens</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Villalba%2C+Gara%22">Villalba, Gara</searchLink> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal+of+Industrial+Ecology%22">Journal of Industrial Ecology</searchLink>. Oct2015, Vol. 19 Issue 5, p890-903. 14p. 4 Diagrams, 1 Chart. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Stock-flow+analysis%22">Stock-flow analysis</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Gallium%22">Gallium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Germanium%22">Germanium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Indium%22">Indium</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Industrial+ecology%22">Industrial ecology</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: This study provides a global substance flow analysis for gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), and indium (In) for 2011, quantifying the amount of metal lost during extraction, beneficiation/smelting/refining, manufacturing of intermediate products, and the amount embodied in end-use products. Thus far, studies illustrating their cradle to end-use life cycle on a global scale are either missing or outdated, and thus opportunities to increase their supply remain unknown and/or not quantified. The results illustrate the losses and inefficiencies stages, thereby identifying potential additional supply by process improvement, recovery, and recycling. Results show that there are significant opportunities to meet future demand of Ga and Ge by concentrating recovery efforts in the extraction and beneficiation/smelting/refining stages. Further, 1.4% Ga, 0.7% Ge, and 54% In of the theoretical available amount in the attractor ores are extracted to meet the primary refined demand in 2011. Of the 9,065 tonnes (t) of Ga embodied in the Bayer liquor (from aluminum production), only 263 t are refined. This is owing to low capacities of Ga refining, combined with a refining efficiency of 60%. Ge presents a similar case for the same reasons, in which only 43 t of Ge of the 7,636 t of Ge available from zinc leach residue are refined. Meeting future In demand, on the other hand, will require greater efforts in increasing end-of-life recycling. Process efficiencies for Ga (46%), Ge (56%), and In (78%) demonstrate further potential. We quantify the flows into use by distinguishing among dissipative and nondissipative end uses, as well as the recyclable fraction for each metal for 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal of Industrial Ecology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1111/jiec.12287 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 14 StartPage: 890 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Stock-flow analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Gallium Type: general – SubjectFull: Germanium Type: general – SubjectFull: Indium Type: general – SubjectFull: Industrial ecology Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Global Substance Flow Analysis of Gallium, Germanium, and Indium: Quantification of Extraction, Uses, and Dissipative Losses within their Anthropogenic Cycles. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Licht, Christina – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Peiró, Laura Talens – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Villalba, Gara IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 10 Text: Oct2015 Type: published Y: 2015 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 10881980 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 19 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of Industrial Ecology Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
