Effect of Commodity Charges on the Demand for Reclaimed Water.
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| Title: | Effect of Commodity Charges on the Demand for Reclaimed Water. |
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| Authors: | KNIGHT, SCOTT L.1 ScottLKnight@gmail.com, MORALES, MIGUEL A.1, HEANEY, JAMES P.1 |
| Source: | Journal: American Water Works Association. Nov2015, Vol. 107 Issue 11, pE582-E593. 12p. 1 Chart, 7 Graphs. |
| Subjects: | Water purification, Primary commodities, Drinking water, Water demand management, Water conservation, Management, Prices |
| Abstract: | Residential irrigation with reclaimed water is one method to reduce potable water withdrawals in the United States. However, little research has examined how customers use this often low-cost or free water. This study evaluates the change in water use for 510 reclaimed water customers who were converted from a flat rate to a commodity charge. Using actual water use data and an irrigation model, two metrics of efficiency were developed: portion of landscape needs satisfied and efficiency of application. After the commodity charge began, the reclaimed water customers decreased their use by 47% and improved the efficiency of their application by 12%. However, annually, between 14 and 27% of the users increased use compared with the flat-rate period. The impact of irrigable area was also evaluated and showed that customers with smaller irrigable areas were less efficient (26%) than those with larger irrigable areas (52%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Journal: American Water Works Association is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Links: – Type: pdflink Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 110679886 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Effect of Commodity Charges on the Demand for Reclaimed Water. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22KNIGHT%2C+SCOTT+L%2E%22">KNIGHT, SCOTT L.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> ScottLKnight@gmail.com</i><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22MORALES%2C+MIGUEL+A%2E%22">MORALES, MIGUEL A.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22HEANEY%2C+JAMES+P%2E%22">HEANEY, JAMES P.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Journal%3A+American+Water+Works+Association%22">Journal: American Water Works Association</searchLink>. Nov2015, Vol. 107 Issue 11, pE582-E593. 12p. 1 Chart, 7 Graphs. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+purification%22">Water purification</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Primary+commodities%22">Primary commodities</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Drinking+water%22">Drinking water</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+demand+management%22">Water demand management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Water+conservation%22">Water conservation</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Management%22">Management</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Prices%22">Prices</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Residential irrigation with reclaimed water is one method to reduce potable water withdrawals in the United States. However, little research has examined how customers use this often low-cost or free water. This study evaluates the change in water use for 510 reclaimed water customers who were converted from a flat rate to a commodity charge. Using actual water use data and an irrigation model, two metrics of efficiency were developed: portion of landscape needs satisfied and efficiency of application. After the commodity charge began, the reclaimed water customers decreased their use by 47% and improved the efficiency of their application by 12%. However, annually, between 14 and 27% of the users increased use compared with the flat-rate period. The impact of irrigable area was also evaluated and showed that customers with smaller irrigable areas were less efficient (26%) than those with larger irrigable areas (52%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Journal: American Water Works Association is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0131 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 12 StartPage: E582 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Water purification Type: general – SubjectFull: Primary commodities Type: general – SubjectFull: Drinking water Type: general – SubjectFull: Water demand management Type: general – SubjectFull: Water conservation Type: general – SubjectFull: Management Type: general – SubjectFull: Prices Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Effect of Commodity Charges on the Demand for Reclaimed Water. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: KNIGHT, SCOTT L. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: MORALES, MIGUEL A. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: HEANEY, JAMES P. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 11 Text: Nov2015 Type: published Y: 2015 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 0003150X Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 107 – Type: issue Value: 11 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal: American Water Works Association Type: main |
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