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Real-time motion planning methods for autonomous on-road driving: State-of-the-art and future research directions.

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Title: Real-time motion planning methods for autonomous on-road driving: State-of-the-art and future research directions.
Authors: Katrakazas, Christos1 c.katrakazas@lboro.ac.uk, Quddus, Mohammed1 m.a.quddus@lboro.ac.uk, Chen, Wen-Hua2 w.chen@lboro.ac.uk, Deka, Lipika1 l.deka@lboro.ac.uk
Source: Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. Nov2015, Vol. 60, p416-442. 27p.
Subjects: Real-Time C++: Efficient Object-Oriented & Template Microcontroller Programming (Book), Automobile driving, Futures studies, Driverless cars, Automobile industry, Decision making
Abstract: Currently autonomous or self-driving vehicles are at the heart of academia and industry research because of its multi-faceted advantages that includes improved safety, reduced congestion, lower emissions and greater mobility. Software is the key driving factor underpinning autonomy within which planning algorithms that are responsible for mission-critical decision making hold a significant position. While transporting passengers or goods from a given origin to a given destination, motion planning methods incorporate searching for a path to follow, avoiding obstacles and generating the best trajectory that ensures safety, comfort and efficiency. A range of different planning approaches have been proposed in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to review existing approaches and then compare and contrast different methods employed for the motion planning of autonomous on-road driving that consists of (1) finding a path, (2) searching for the safest manoeuvre and (3) determining the most feasible trajectory. Methods developed by researchers in each of these three levels exhibit varying levels of complexity and performance accuracy. This paper presents a critical evaluation of each of these methods, in terms of their advantages/disadvantages, inherent limitations, feasibility, optimality, handling of obstacles and testing operational environments. Based on a critical review of existing methods, research challenges to address current limitations are identified and future research directions are suggested so as to enhance the performance of planning algorithms at all three levels. Some promising areas of future focus have been identified as the use of vehicular communications (V2V and V2I) and the incorporation of transport engineering aspects in order to improve the look-ahead horizon of current sensing technologies that are essential for planning with the aim of reducing the total cost of driverless vehicles. This critical review on planning techniques presented in this paper, along with the associated discussions on their constraints and limitations, seek to assist researchers in accelerating development in the emerging field of autonomous vehicle research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Real-time motion planning methods for autonomous on-road driving: State-of-the-art and future research directions.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Transportation+Research+Part+C%3A+Emerging+Technologies%22">Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies</searchLink>. Nov2015, Vol. 60, p416-442. 27p.
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  Data: Currently autonomous or self-driving vehicles are at the heart of academia and industry research because of its multi-faceted advantages that includes improved safety, reduced congestion, lower emissions and greater mobility. Software is the key driving factor underpinning autonomy within which planning algorithms that are responsible for mission-critical decision making hold a significant position. While transporting passengers or goods from a given origin to a given destination, motion planning methods incorporate searching for a path to follow, avoiding obstacles and generating the best trajectory that ensures safety, comfort and efficiency. A range of different planning approaches have been proposed in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to review existing approaches and then compare and contrast different methods employed for the motion planning of autonomous on-road driving that consists of (1) finding a path, (2) searching for the safest manoeuvre and (3) determining the most feasible trajectory. Methods developed by researchers in each of these three levels exhibit varying levels of complexity and performance accuracy. This paper presents a critical evaluation of each of these methods, in terms of their advantages/disadvantages, inherent limitations, feasibility, optimality, handling of obstacles and testing operational environments. Based on a critical review of existing methods, research challenges to address current limitations are identified and future research directions are suggested so as to enhance the performance of planning algorithms at all three levels. Some promising areas of future focus have been identified as the use of vehicular communications (V2V and V2I) and the incorporation of transport engineering aspects in order to improve the look-ahead horizon of current sensing technologies that are essential for planning with the aim of reducing the total cost of driverless vehicles. This critical review on planning techniques presented in this paper, along with the associated discussions on their constraints and limitations, seek to assist researchers in accelerating development in the emerging field of autonomous vehicle research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.trc.2015.09.011
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        Text: English
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Automobile driving
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Futures studies
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      – SubjectFull: Driverless cars
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      – SubjectFull: Decision making
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      – TitleFull: Real-time motion planning methods for autonomous on-road driving: State-of-the-art and future research directions.
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              Text: Nov2015
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