AN IMAGE-BASED APPLICATION RATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR A GRANULAR FERTILIZER APPLICATOR.
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| Title: | AN IMAGE-BASED APPLICATION RATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR A GRANULAR FERTILIZER APPLICATOR. |
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| Authors: | Back, S. W.1, Yu, S. H.1, Kim, Y. J.2, Chung, S. O.3, Lee, K. H.4 khlee@jnu.ac.kr |
| Source: | Transactions of the ASABE. Mar/Apr2014, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p679-687. 9p. |
| Subjects: | Fertilizer application, Precision farming, Detectors, Standard deviations, Farm tractors |
| Abstract: | With the tremendous advances and further adoption of precision agriculture in the last decade, variable-rate fertilizer applicators have been introduced to the market. However, the sensors used for measuring application rate on variable-rate fertilizer applicators are inaccurate and incapable of generating high-resolution maps of the application rate. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop an image-based application rate measurement system (IBARMS) that can monitor the application rate with a high accuracy and high resolution and to test the performance of the IBARMS with an open-loop controller and a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The variable-rate fertilizer application system consisted of a fertilizer applicator, the IBARMS, and an application rate control system. A charge-coupled device digital color camera was used to acquire images of the falling fertilizer granules. The fertilizer granules in an image were separated from the background, and the diameter of each granule was measured. The application rate was estimated from the diameter of each granule, the number of granules counted by the IBARMS, and the granule density of the fertilizer determined from preliminary tests. The application rate estimated by the IBARMS was compared with that obtained by weighing the total discharged fertilizer for a specific time. The application rate of the granular fertilizer was controlled with an open-loop controller and a PID controller. Three step changes of the rotational speed of the roller (6.2, 9.6, and 13.1 rpm) were set for both controllers. The application rate estimated by the IBARMS was close to that obtained by the weighing method. The coefficient of determination (R2) between the application rates measured by the two methods at five roller speeds (2.2, 5.3, 8.7, 12.4, and 16.9 rpm) was 0.995. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the controlled roller speed for the PID controller was 0.49 rpm, which was smaller than the RMSE (0.75 rpm) for the open-loop controller. The accuracies of the IBARMS for measuring the application rate during all roller speed steps with the open-loop controller and the PID controller were 93.0% and 93.7%, respectively. From the results, we believe that the IBARMS can measure the application rate of granular fertilizers with a high degree of accuracy. Future work includes installing the variable-rate fertilizer application system on an agricultural tractor and testing its on-the-go performance in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
| Copyright of Transactions of the ASABE is the property of American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) | |
| Database: | Engineering Source |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 |
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| Header | DbId: egs DbLabel: Engineering Source An: 110872231 AccessLevel: 6 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: AN IMAGE-BASED APPLICATION RATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR A GRANULAR FERTILIZER APPLICATOR. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Back%2C+S%2E+W%2E%22">Back, S. W.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Yu%2C+S%2E+H%2E%22">Yu, S. H.</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Kim%2C+Y%2E+J%2E%22">Kim, Y. J.</searchLink><relatesTo>2</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Chung%2C+S%2E+O%2E%22">Chung, S. O.</searchLink><relatesTo>3</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Lee%2C+K%2E+H%2E%22">Lee, K. H.</searchLink><relatesTo>4</relatesTo><i> khlee@jnu.ac.kr</i> – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Transactions+of+the+ASABE%22">Transactions of the ASABE</searchLink>. Mar/Apr2014, Vol. 57 Issue 2, p679-687. 9p. – Name: Subject Label: Subjects Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Fertilizer+application%22">Fertilizer application</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Precision+farming%22">Precision farming</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Detectors%22">Detectors</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Standard+deviations%22">Standard deviations</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Farm+tractors%22">Farm tractors</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: With the tremendous advances and further adoption of precision agriculture in the last decade, variable-rate fertilizer applicators have been introduced to the market. However, the sensors used for measuring application rate on variable-rate fertilizer applicators are inaccurate and incapable of generating high-resolution maps of the application rate. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop an image-based application rate measurement system (IBARMS) that can monitor the application rate with a high accuracy and high resolution and to test the performance of the IBARMS with an open-loop controller and a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The variable-rate fertilizer application system consisted of a fertilizer applicator, the IBARMS, and an application rate control system. A charge-coupled device digital color camera was used to acquire images of the falling fertilizer granules. The fertilizer granules in an image were separated from the background, and the diameter of each granule was measured. The application rate was estimated from the diameter of each granule, the number of granules counted by the IBARMS, and the granule density of the fertilizer determined from preliminary tests. The application rate estimated by the IBARMS was compared with that obtained by weighing the total discharged fertilizer for a specific time. The application rate of the granular fertilizer was controlled with an open-loop controller and a PID controller. Three step changes of the rotational speed of the roller (6.2, 9.6, and 13.1 rpm) were set for both controllers. The application rate estimated by the IBARMS was close to that obtained by the weighing method. The coefficient of determination (R2) between the application rates measured by the two methods at five roller speeds (2.2, 5.3, 8.7, 12.4, and 16.9 rpm) was 0.995. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the controlled roller speed for the PID controller was 0.49 rpm, which was smaller than the RMSE (0.75 rpm) for the open-loop controller. The accuracies of the IBARMS for measuring the application rate during all roller speed steps with the open-loop controller and the PID controller were 93.0% and 93.7%, respectively. From the results, we believe that the IBARMS can measure the application rate of granular fertilizers with a high degree of accuracy. Future work includes installing the variable-rate fertilizer application system on an agricultural tractor and testing its on-the-go performance in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] – Name: AbstractSuppliedCopyright Label: Group: Ab Data: <i>Copyright of Transactions of the ASABE is the property of American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.13031/trans.57.10605 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: PageCount: 9 StartPage: 679 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Fertilizer application Type: general – SubjectFull: Precision farming Type: general – SubjectFull: Detectors Type: general – SubjectFull: Standard deviations Type: general – SubjectFull: Farm tractors Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: AN IMAGE-BASED APPLICATION RATE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR A GRANULAR FERTILIZER APPLICATOR. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Back, S. W. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Yu, S. H. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Kim, Y. J. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Chung, S. O. – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Lee, K. H. IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 03 Text: Mar/Apr2014 Type: published Y: 2014 Identifiers: – Type: issn-print Value: 21510032 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 57 – Type: issue Value: 2 Titles: – TitleFull: Transactions of the ASABE Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |
