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Environmental and personal determinants of the uptake of disinfection by-products during swimming.

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Title: Environmental and personal determinants of the uptake of disinfection by-products during swimming.
Authors: Font-Ribera, Laia1,2,3,4, Kogevinas, Manolis1,2,3,4, Schmalz, Christina5, Zwiener, Christian5, Marco, Esther6, Grimalt, Joan O.6, Liu, Jiaqi7, Zhang, Xiangru7, Mitch, William8, Critelli, Rossana9, Naccarati, Alessio9, Heederik, Dick10, Spithoven, Jack10, Arjona, Lourdes1,3,4, de Bont, Jeroen1,3,4, Gracia-Lavedan, Esther1,3,4, Villanueva, Cristina M.1,2,3,4 cvillanueva@creal.cat
Source: Environmental Research. Aug2016, Vol. 149, p206-215. 10p.
Subjects: Trihalomethanes, Acetic acid, Urine, Biomarkers, Environmental sciences
Abstract: Background Trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine are internal dose biomarkers of exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools. Objective We assessed how these biomarkers reflect the levels of a battery of DBPs in pool water and trichloramine in air, and evaluated personal determinants. Methods A total of 116 adults swam during 40 min in a chlorinated indoor pool. We measured chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in exhaled breath and TCAA in urine before and after swimming, trichloramine in air and several DBPs in water. Personal determinants included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), distance swum, energy expenditure, heart rate and 12 polymorphisms in GSTT1 , GSTZ1 and CYP2E1 genes. Results Median level of exhaled total THMs and creatinine adjusted urine TCAA increased from 0.5 to 14.4 µg/m 3 and from 2.5 to 5.8 µmol/mol after swimming, respectively. The increase in exhaled brominated THMs was correlated with brominated THMs, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloramines, total organic carbon and total organic halogen in water and trichloramine in air. Such correlations were not detected for exhaled chloroform, total THMs or urine TCAA. Exhaled THM increased more in men, urine TCAA increased more in women, and both were affected by exercise intensity. Genetic variants were associated with differential increases in exposure biomarkers. Conclusion Our findings suggest that, although affected by sex, physical activity and polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes, brominated THMs in exhaled breath could be used as a non-invasive DBP exposure biomarker in swimming pools with bromide-containing source waters. This warrants confirmation with new studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Environmental Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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  Data: Environmental and personal determinants of the uptake of disinfection by-products during swimming.
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background Trihalomethanes (THMs) in exhaled breath and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) in urine are internal dose biomarkers of exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools. Objective We assessed how these biomarkers reflect the levels of a battery of DBPs in pool water and trichloramine in air, and evaluated personal determinants. Methods A total of 116 adults swam during 40 min in a chlorinated indoor pool. We measured chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in exhaled breath and TCAA in urine before and after swimming, trichloramine in air and several DBPs in water. Personal determinants included sex, age, body mass index (BMI), distance swum, energy expenditure, heart rate and 12 polymorphisms in GSTT1 , GSTZ1 and CYP2E1 genes. Results Median level of exhaled total THMs and creatinine adjusted urine TCAA increased from 0.5 to 14.4 µg/m 3 and from 2.5 to 5.8 µmol/mol after swimming, respectively. The increase in exhaled brominated THMs was correlated with brominated THMs, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, chloramines, total organic carbon and total organic halogen in water and trichloramine in air. Such correlations were not detected for exhaled chloroform, total THMs or urine TCAA. Exhaled THM increased more in men, urine TCAA increased more in women, and both were affected by exercise intensity. Genetic variants were associated with differential increases in exposure biomarkers. Conclusion Our findings suggest that, although affected by sex, physical activity and polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes, brominated THMs in exhaled breath could be used as a non-invasive DBP exposure biomarker in swimming pools with bromide-containing source waters. This warrants confirmation with new studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Environmental Research is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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