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Estimating heroin abuse in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology.

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Title: Estimating heroin abuse in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology.
Authors: Du, Peng1, Zhou, Zilei1, Bai, Ya1, Xu, Zeqiong1, Gao, Tingting1, Fu, Xiaofang1, Li, Xiqing1 xli@urban.pku.edu.cn
Source: Science of the Total Environment. Dec2017, Vol. 605/606, p158-165. 8p.
Subjects: Heroin abuse, Epidemiology research methodology, Sewage disposal plants, Methamphetamine abuse, Ionization (Atomic physics)
Abstract: Heroin consumption in major cities across China was estimated for the first time via wastewater-based epidemiology. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from 49 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 24 major cities that cover all the geographic regions of the country. Concentrations of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, and codeine were measured. Near complete removal of morphine by wastewater treatment processes was observed, whereas removal rates of codeine were slightly lower. Morphine loads were much higher than codeine loads at most WWTPs in China, a trend opposite to that in many European countries. In addition, morphine and codeine loads were strongly correlated at most WWTPs, indicating morphine and codeine in wastewater were predominantly from the same source, street heroin. At WWTPs in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, codeine loads were considerably higher than morphine loads, consistent with previous reports of codeine abuse (e.g., as cough syrup) among middle and high school students in Guangdong province. Heroin consumption was derived based on morphine loads and taking into account therapeutic use of morphine and codeine, as well as contribution of codeine and acetylcodeine in street heroin. Highest heroin consumption was observed in northwestern and southwestern China. The average heroin consumption of the sampled cities was 64.6 ± 78.7 mg/1000 inh/d. The nation-wide average heroin consumption was much lower than that of methamphetamine, consistent with seizure data and numbers of registered heroin and methamphetamine users in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Copyright of Science of the Total Environment is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Database: Engineering Source
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Header DbId: egs
DbLabel: Engineering Source
An: 124721538
AccessLevel: 6
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Estimating heroin abuse in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Du%2C+Peng%22">Du, Peng</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Zhou%2C+Zilei%22">Zhou, Zilei</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Bai%2C+Ya%22">Bai, Ya</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Xu%2C+Zeqiong%22">Xu, Zeqiong</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Gao%2C+Tingting%22">Gao, Tingting</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Fu%2C+Xiaofang%22">Fu, Xiaofang</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AR" term="%22Li%2C+Xiqing%22">Li, Xiqing</searchLink><relatesTo>1</relatesTo><i> xli@urban.pku.edu.cn</i>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22Science+of+the+Total+Environment%22">Science of the Total Environment</searchLink>. Dec2017, Vol. 605/606, p158-165. 8p.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Heroin+abuse%22">Heroin abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Epidemiology+research+methodology%22">Epidemiology research methodology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Sewage+disposal+plants%22">Sewage disposal plants</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Methamphetamine+abuse%22">Methamphetamine abuse</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="DE" term="%22Ionization+%28Atomic+physics%29%22">Ionization (Atomic physics)</searchLink>
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  Data: Heroin consumption in major cities across China was estimated for the first time via wastewater-based epidemiology. Influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from 49 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in 24 major cities that cover all the geographic regions of the country. Concentrations of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, and codeine were measured. Near complete removal of morphine by wastewater treatment processes was observed, whereas removal rates of codeine were slightly lower. Morphine loads were much higher than codeine loads at most WWTPs in China, a trend opposite to that in many European countries. In addition, morphine and codeine loads were strongly correlated at most WWTPs, indicating morphine and codeine in wastewater were predominantly from the same source, street heroin. At WWTPs in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, codeine loads were considerably higher than morphine loads, consistent with previous reports of codeine abuse (e.g., as cough syrup) among middle and high school students in Guangdong province. Heroin consumption was derived based on morphine loads and taking into account therapeutic use of morphine and codeine, as well as contribution of codeine and acetylcodeine in street heroin. Highest heroin consumption was observed in northwestern and southwestern China. The average heroin consumption of the sampled cities was 64.6 ± 78.7 mg/1000 inh/d. The nation-wide average heroin consumption was much lower than that of methamphetamine, consistent with seizure data and numbers of registered heroin and methamphetamine users in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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  Data: <i>Copyright of Science of the Total Environment is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract.</i> (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.262
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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        PageCount: 8
        StartPage: 158
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      – SubjectFull: Heroin abuse
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Epidemiology research methodology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sewage disposal plants
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Methamphetamine abuse
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ionization (Atomic physics)
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Estimating heroin abuse in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology.
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            NameFull: Du, Peng
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            NameFull: Zhou, Zilei
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            NameFull: Bai, Ya
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            NameFull: Fu, Xiaofang
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              Text: Dec2017
              Type: published
              Y: 2017
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              Value: 605/606
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